Non-displaceable Lagrangian links in four-manifolds (Q2041866)

The main result of this paper proves the existence of a family of non-displaceable Lagrangian links \(\mathcal{L}_t=\mathcal{L}_{0,t} \sqcup \mathcal{L}_{1,t}\), \(t \in [0,1]\), in the symplectic \(4\)-manifold \((M=S^2 \times S^2,A\omega \oplus a \omega)\), with \(a<A\), such that each irreducible component \(\mathcal{L}_{i,t}\) of the link, \(i=0,1\), is a displaceable Lagrangian torus in \(M\). Recall that a Lagrangian submanifold \(L \subset (M,\omega)\) is called displaceable if there exists a Hamiltonian isotopy \(\phi_t\) of \(M\) such that \(\phi_1(L) \cap L= \emptyset\). The study of displaceablility of Lagrangian manifolds is central in symplectic topology, and this is the first result in dimension \(\ge 4\) about the existence of a non-displaceable link with displaceable components. The authors reduce the proof of their main result to proving that the \(4\)-torus \(\mathrm{Sym}(\mathcal{L}_0 \times \mathcal{L}_1)=q(\mathcal{L}_0 \times \mathcal{L}_1)\) is non-displaceable as a Lagrangian submanifold of the symplectic orbifold \(X= \mathrm{Sym}^2(M)\), the \(2\)-fold symmetric product of \(M\), defined by the quotient map \(q:M \times M \to X\) where \(q(x,y) =q(x',y')\) if and only if \((x',y')=(y,x)\). The proof that \(\mathrm{Sym}(\mathcal{L}_0 \times \mathcal{L}_1) \subset X\) is non-displaceable uses the theory of bulk deformations of superpotentials of Lagrangians submanifolds, adapting some results to the orbifold case. First, the authors construct a superpotential for \(\mathrm{Sym}(\mathcal{L}_0 \times \mathcal{L}_1) \subset X\), which does not have critical points. Then, after an appropriate bulk deformation, they obtain another superpotential which has \(6\) critical points. Then they conclude the non-displaceability of \(\mathrm{Sym}(\mathcal{L}_0 \times \mathcal{L}_1)\) from the general results on Lagrangian-Floer theory given in [\textit{K. Fukaya} et al., Lagrangian intersection Floer theory. Anomaly and obstruction. I. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS); Somerville, MA: International Press (2009; Zbl 1181.53002)] and [\textit{K. Fukaya} et al., Lagrangian intersection Floer theory. Anomaly and obstruction. I. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS); Somerville, MA: International Press (2009; Zbl 1181.53002)] and adapted for orbifolds in [\textit{C.-H. Cho} and \textit{M. Poddar}, J. Differ. Geom. 98, No. 1, 21--116 (2014; Zbl 1300.53077)]. The result of this paper may be compared to that of [\textit{K. Fukaya} et al., Int. Math. Res. Not. 2012, No. 13, 2942--2993 (2012; Zbl 1250.53077)], where the authors prove the existence of a family of non-displaceable Lagrangian tori in \((S^2 \times S^2,\omega \oplus \omega)\).