Monoid properties as invariants of toposes of monoid actions (Q2044554)

A monoid \(M\) is no other than a category with one object, as is well known. The category of right \(M\)-sets is precisely the presheaf topos \(\boldsymbol{PSh}(M)\). The two authors have recently established representation theorems for toposes of the form \(\boldsymbol{PSh} (M)\). The second named author [``Toposes of discrete monoid actions'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:1905.10277}], by using topos-theoretic methods, has established that any topos admitting a monadic and comonadic functor to the topos \(\boldsymbol{Set}\) of sets is of this form. The first name author [Appl. Categ. Struct. 28, No. 5, 749--772 (2020; Zbl 1460.18009)] has shown that such a topos is also to be represented as the topos of equivariant sheaves on a posetal groupoid. The category \(\boldsymbol{PSh}(M)\) can be compared, either indirectly through its properties or directly via equivalences or geometric morphisms, to other toposes. Studying these comparisons between toposes in order to get a better comprehension of the structures presenting them forms the backbone of the \textit{toposes as bridges} philosophy in [\textit{O. Caramello}, Theories, sites, toposes. Relating and studying mathematical theories through topos-theoretic `bridges'. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2018; Zbl 1461.03002)]. Taking the indirect approach, this paper investigates correspondences between properties of the representing monoids and well-understood ones of the corresponding toposes, including ones of being atomic, strongly compact, local, totally disconnected or cohesive. There has been recent interest in the toposes \(\boldsymbol{PSh}(M)\) from a geometric point of view. \textit{A. Connes} and \textit{C. Consani} [Adv. Math. 291, 274--329 (2016; Zbl 1368.14038); C. R., Math., Acad. Sci. Paris 352, No. 12, 971--975 (2014; Zbl 1315.11054)] considered the special case where \(M\) is the monoid of nonzero natural numbers under multiplication, the points of \(\boldsymbol{PSh}(M)\) being related to the finite adeles in number theory. Related toposes were studied in [\textit{J. Hemelaer}, J. Number Theory 204, 155--184 (2019; Zbl 1454.11076); \textit{A. Sagnier}, J. Number Theory 212, 173--202 (2020; Zbl 1458.11109); \textit{L. Le Bruyn}, ``Three arithmetic sites'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:2003.01387}]. This geometric study of monoids is inspired by the idea of algebraic geometry over \(\mathbb{F}_{1}\) [\textit{Y. Manin}, in: Columbia University number theory seminar, New York, 1992. Paris: Société Mathématique de France. 121--163 (1995; Zbl 0840.14001)], where commutative monoids are regarded as dual to affine \(\mathbb{F}_{1}\)-schemes, while the topos \(\boldsymbol{PSh}(M)\) is seen as the topos of quasi-coherent sheaves on the space corresponding to the monoid \(M\) [\textit{I. Pirashvili}, Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 169, No. 1, 31--74 (2020; Zbl 07395396)].