What can Koopmanism do for attractors in dynamical systems? (Q2047303)

\textit{Koopmanism} consists in taking a non-linear semiflow \((\varphi_t)_{t\in \mathbb{R}_+}\) in a compact topological Hausdorff space \(K\) (called the \textit{state space}) and associating it with a linear semigroup \((T(t))_{t\in \mathbb{R}_+}\) in a vector space \(\mathcal{O}\) of real or complex valued functions on \(K\) (called the \textit{observable space}). This is defined by the rule \[ \mathcal{O}\ni f \mapsto T(t) f = f\circ \varphi_t \quad \hbox{ for each } t\in \mathbb{R}_+, \] provided that \(\mathcal{O}\) remains invariant. When \(\mathcal{O}=C(K)\) (the vector space of all real or complex continuous functions on \(K\)) and \((\varphi_t)_{t\in \mathbb{R}_+}\) is a continuous semiflow on \(K\), the \(C_0\)-semigroup \((T(t))_{t\in \mathbb{R}_+}\) defined above is called the \textit{Koopman semigroup}. An attractor for \((\varphi_t)_{t\in \mathbb{R}_+}\) is a non-empty closed subset \(M\) of \(K\) with a certain asymptotic property (different definitions of this asymptotic property gives distinct notions of attractors) which is \((\varphi_t)_{t\in \mathbb{R}_+}\)-invariant. Each attractor \(M\) in \(K\) corresponds to a closed \((T(t))_{t\in \mathbb{R}_+}\)-invariant ideal \(I_M\) in the Banach algebra \(C(K)\). Furthermore, every closed ideal in \(C(K)\) have the form \(I_M\), where \(M\) is a closed subset of \(K\). Therefore, given an attractor \(M\), the goal of this paper is to restrict the Koopman semigroup to the closed ideal \(I_M\) and characterize the long-term behavior of \((\varphi_t)_{t\in \mathbb{R}_+}\) around \(M\) by using the asymptotic properties of \((T(t))_{t\in \mathbb{R}_+}\) restricted to \(I_M\). Also the author compares different concepts of attractors, such as asymptotically stable attractors, Milnor attractors and centers of attraction.