Several results on compact metrizable spaces in \(\mathbf{ZF} \) (Q2049538)

The paper establishes connections between many consequences of the axiom of choice, as well as independence results between them. The focus is on statements of the form M\((a,b)\): every metrizable space satisfying property \(a\) also satisfies property \(b\). Here \(a\) and \(b\) can be: C (compactness), TB (being totally bounded), S (separability), IC (being infinite compact), DI (being Dedekind-infinite) etc. Independence results are reached by means of permutation models. The basic Fraenkel model \(\mathcal{N}1\), the Mostowski linearly ordered model \(\mathcal{N}3\), concentric circles permutation model \(\mathcal{N}_{cr}\), as well as some others are used. In Section 3, a family of symmetric models \(\mathcal{N}_{n,l}\) is constructed satisfying a fragment of GCH: \(\forall m<n\;2^{\aleph_m}=\aleph_{m+1}\), but not CAC\(_l\) (the existence of a choice function for countable families of \(l\)-element sets). Section 4 mainly deals with statements M(TB,WO), M(TB,S), M(C,WO), M(C,S) and M(IC,DI). Connections between them, as well as with countable versions of AC are established. It is proved that WoAm: every set can either be well-ordered or it contains an amorphous subset (an infinite set that can not be partitioned into two infinite subsets)\\ implies M(TB,WO) (which shows that it holds in \(\mathcal{N}1\)), but not vice versa, since \(\mathcal{N}3\) satisfies M(TB,WO) but not WoAM. It is shown that M(IC,DI) does not imply that every Dedekind-finite set is finite. Proposition 8 gives several sufficient conditions for CUC: every countable union of countable sets is countable to hold in models of ZFA (set theory with atoms). Finally, it was proved that in ZF UT(\(\aleph_0,\aleph_0\),cuf): every countable union of countable sets can be represented as a countable union of finite sets does not follow from M(IC,DI). Section 5 gives various other implications between consequences of AC. It also provides some equivalent conditions to M(C,S), as well as to Part(\(\mathbb{R}\)): every partition of the set \(\mathbb{R}\) of reals is of cardinality at most \(|\mathbb{R}|\). A symmetric model of ZF+CH+WO(\(P(\mathbb{R})\)) is constructed in which not every compact metrizable space is embeddable in \([0,1]^{\mathbb{R}}\).