Several results on compact metrizable spaces in ZF

DOI10.1007/S00605-021-01582-0MaRDI QIDQ2049538zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Eleftherios Tachtsis, Eliza Wajch, Kyriakos Keremedis

Publication date 27 August 2021

Published in Monatshefte für Mathematik (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.01233

zbMATH Keywords

compact spacemetrizable spacepermutation modelsymmetric modeltotally bounded metricweak forms of axiom of choice

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Axiom of choice and related propositions (03E25) Consistency and independence results (03E35) Consistency and independence results in general topology (54A35) Compactness (54D30) Metric spaces, metrizability (54E35)

Abstract: In the absence of the axiom of choice, the set-theoretic status of many natural statements about metrizable compact spaces is investigated. Some of the statements are provable in $mathbfZF$, some are shown to be independent of $mathbfZF$. For independence results, distinct models of $mathbfZF$ and permutation models of $mathbfZFA$ with transfer theorems of Pincus are applied. New symmetric models are constructed in each of which the power set of $mathbbR$ is well-orderable, the Continuum Hypothesis is satisfied but a denumerable family of non-empty finite sets can fail to have a choice function, and a compact metrizable space need not be embeddable into the Tychonoff cube $[0,1{]}^{mathbbR}$.

Review text

The paper establishes connections between many consequences of the axiom of choice, as well as independence results between them. The focus is on statements of the form M\((a,b)\): every metrizable space satisfying property \(a\) also satisfies property \(b\). Here \(a\) and \(b\) can be: C (compactness), TB (being totally bounded), S (separability), IC (being infinite compact), DI (being Dedekind-infinite) etc. Independence results are reached by means of permutation models. The basic Fraenkel model \(\mathcal{N}1\), the Mostowski linearly ordered model \(\mathcal{N}3\), concentric circles permutation model \(\mathcal{N}_{cr}\), as well as some others are used. In Section 3, a family of symmetric models \(\mathcal{N}_{n,l}\) is constructed satisfying a fragment of GCH: \(\forall m<n\;2^{\aleph_m}=\aleph_{m+1}\), but not CAC\(_l\) (the existence of a choice function for countable families of \(l\)-element sets). Section 4 mainly deals with statements M(TB,WO), M(TB,S), M(C,WO), M(C,S) and M(IC,DI). Connections between them, as well as with countable versions of AC are established. It is proved that WoAm: every set can either be well-ordered or it contains an amorphous subset (an infinite set that can not be partitioned into two infinite subsets)\\ implies M(TB,WO) (which shows that it holds in \(\mathcal{N}1\)), but not vice versa, since \(\mathcal{N}3\) satisfies M(TB,WO) but not WoAM. It is shown that M(IC,DI) does not imply that every Dedekind-finite set is finite. Proposition 8 gives several sufficient conditions for CUC: every countable union of countable sets is countable to hold in models of ZFA (set theory with atoms). Finally, it was proved that in ZF UT(\(\aleph_0,\aleph_0\),cuf): every countable union of countable sets can be represented as a countable union of finite sets does not follow from M(IC,DI). Section 5 gives various other implications between consequences of AC. It also provides some equivalent conditions to M(C,S), as well as to Part(\(\mathbb{R}\)): every partition of the set \(\mathbb{R}\) of reals is of cardinality at most \(|\mathbb{R}|\). A symmetric model of ZF+CH+WO(\(P(\mathbb{R})\)) is constructed in which not every compact metrizable space is embeddable in \([0,1]^{\mathbb{R}}\).

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Cited in

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• Infinite Hausdorff spaces may lack cellular families or discrete subsets of cardinality \(\aleph_0\)
• Some independence results about compact metrizable spaces and two notions of finiteness
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