On Loeb and sequential spaces in \textbf{ZF}

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2020.107279MaRDI QIDQ776389zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Kyriakos Keremedis, Eliza Wajch

Publication date 8 July 2020

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.06774

zbMATH Keywords

axiom of choiceCantor complete metric spaceLoeb spacesequential spaceweak choice principles

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Axiom of choice and related propositions (03E25) Consistency and independence results in general topology (54A35) Local compactness, (sigma)-compactness (54D45) Sequential spaces (54D55) Complete metric spaces (54E50)

Abstract: A topological space is called Loeb if the collection of all its non-empty closed sets has a choice function. In this article, in the absence of the axiom of choice, connections between Loeb and sequential spaces are investigated. Among other results, it is proved in $mathbfZF$ that if $mathbfX$ is a Cantor completely metrizable second-countable space, then $mathbf{X}^{omega}$ is Loeb. If a sequential, sequentially locally compact space $mathbfX$ has the property that every infinitely countable family of non-empty closed subsets of $mathbfX$ has a choice function, then the Cartesian product $mathbfXimesmathbfY$ of $mathbfX$ with any sequential space $mathbfY$ is sequential. In consequence, it holds true in $mathbfZF$ that the Cartesian product of a sequential locally countably compact space with any sequential space is sequential. If $mathbbR$ is sequential, then every second-countable compact Hausdorff space is sequential. It is also proved that, in some models of $mathbfZF$, a countable product of Cantor completely metrizable second-countable spaces can fail to be Loeb and it is independent of $mathbfZF$ that every sequential subspace of $\mathrm{\%}mathbbR$ is Loeb. Some other sentences are shown to be independent of $\mathrm{\%}mathbfZF$. Several open problems are posed, among them, the following question: is $mathbb{R}^{omega}$ sequential if $mathbbR$ is sequential?

Review text

In what follows, all results are \(\mathbf{ZF}\) theorems, so the intended environment is choiceless set theory. \(\mathbf{AC}\) denotes the Axiom of Choice and \(\mathbf{ZFC} = \mathbf{ZF} + \mathbf{AC}\). \(\mathbf{CAC}\) denotes the Countable Axiom of Choice, which states that every infinite countable family of non-empty sets has a choice function. \(\mathbf{CAC}_\omega\) denotes the restriction of \(\mathbf{CAC}\) to countable families of non-empty countable sets and \(\mathbf{CAC}_\omega(\mathbb{R})\) denotes the restriction of \(\mathbf{CAC}_\omega\) to countable families of non-empty countable subsets of \(\mathbb{R}\). A metric space \(\mathbf{X} = (X,d)\) is said to be \textit{Cantor complete} if every decreasing sequence of non-empty closed sets whose diameters converge to zero has non-empty intersection. A topological space \(\mathbf{X} = (X,\tau)\) is said to be \textit{Cantor completely metrizable} if there exists a Cantor complete metric \(d\) on \(X\) which induces the topology \(\tau\) on \(X\). A topological space is said to be a \textit{Loeb} space if the family of all non-empty closed sets has a choice function. A subset \(A\) of a topological space \(X\) is said to be \textit{sequentially closed} if it is closed under limits of converging sequences (in \(X\)) of its points. A topological space is said to be \textit{sequential} if every sequentially closed subset of \(X\) is closed. In the paper under review, the authors investigate Loeb and sequential spaces in the absence of the Axiom of Choice. Typical results of the paper are as follows: \((i)\) Every Cantor completely metrizable second countable space is Loeb. \((ii)\) If \(\mathbf{X}\) is a Cantor completely metrizable second countable space, then \(\mathbf{X}^\omega\) is a Cantor completely metrizable second countable Loeb space. \((iii)\) \(\mathbf{AC}\) if, and only if, every sequential Cantor completely metrizable space is Loeb. \((iv)\) The statement ``Every sequential subspace of \(\mathbb{R}\) is Loeb\, implies \(\mathbf{CAC}_\omega(\mathbb{R})\). \((v)\) \(\mathbb{R}\) is sequential if, and only if, every second countable compact Hausdorff space is sequential. The paper finishes by posing some open questions. For instance: Is there a model of \(\mathbf{ZF}\) in which there are metrizable sequential spaces \(\mathbf{X}\) and \(\mathbf{Y}\) such that \(\mathbf{X} \times \mathbf{Y}\) is not sequential? Must \(\mathbb{R}^\omega\) be sequential in every model in which \(\mathbb{R}\) is sequential? Must \(\mathbb{N}^\omega\) be sequential in every model of \(\mathbf{ZF}\) in which \(\mathbb{R}\) is sequential?

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Cited in

(9)

• Second-countable compact Hausdorff spaces as remainders in \textbf{ZF} and two new notions of infiniteness
• Several results on compact metrizable spaces in \(\mathbf{ZF} \)
• \(k\)-spaces, sequential spaces and related topics in the absence of the axiom of choice
• Compact Metric Spaces and Weak Forms of the Axiom of Choice
• On Loeb and weakly Loeb Hausdorff spaces
• Compact and Loeb Hausdorff spaces in ZF and the axiom of choice for families of finite sets
• Countable products and countable direct sums of compact metrizable spaces in the absence of the Axiom of Choice
• On iso-dense and scattered spaces without \textbf{AC}
• A quasi-metrization theorem for hybrid topologies on the real line in \textbf{ZF}

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