A quasi-metrization theorem for hybrid topologies on the real line in \textbf{ZF}

Publication date 19 August 2024

Published in Houston Journal of Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Hattori space hybrid topology quasi-metrizability quasimetric real line Sorgenfrey line

Consistency and independence results in general topology (54A35) Uniform structures and generalizations (54E15) Metric spaces, metrizability (54E35)

Review text

Let us, for the sake of the reader, recall the definition of the hybrid topology on the set of real numbers. Given a 4-cover \(\mathcal{A}=\{A_1,A_2,A_3,A_4\}\) of \(\mathbb{R}\), for \(x\in \mathbb{R}\), the family \(\mathcal{B}(x)\) is defined as follows:\N\[\N\mathcal{B}(x)= \begin{cases} \{(x-\epsilon,x+\epsilon): \epsilon>0\}& \text{if}\hspace{0.2cm} x\in A_1;\\\N\{\{x\}\} & \text{if}\hspace{0.2cm} x\in A_2;\\\N\{[x,x+\epsilon): \epsilon>0\}& \text{if}\hspace{0.2cm} x\in A_3;\\\N\{(x-\epsilon,x]: \epsilon>0\}& \text{if}\hspace{0.2cm} x\in A_4. \end{cases}\N\]\NThe unique topology \(\tau_\mathcal{A}\) on the real line \(\mathbb{R}\) such that, for every \(x\in \mathbb{R}\), the family \(\mathcal{B}(x)\) is a local base at \(x\) in \( \langle \mathbb{R}, \tau_\mathcal{A}\rangle\) is called the \textit{hybrid topology determined by} \(\mathcal{A}\). The topological space \(H_4(\mathcal{A}) = \langle \mathbb{R}, \tau_\mathcal{A}\rangle\) will be called the \textit{hybrid space determined by} \(\mathcal{A}\). Note that, \(H_4(\mathcal{A})\) is a \(T_3\)-space and a generalized ordered space. Notice that if \(A_2\cup A_4 = \emptyset\), the space \(H_4(\mathcal{A})\) is the Hattori space \(H(A_1)\), that is, in \(H(A_1)\), a base of neighborhoods of \( x\in A_1\) is the family of usual Euclidean open neighborhoods of \(x\), and a base of neighborhoods of \(x\in \mathbb{R}\setminus A_1\) is the family \(\{[x, x + \epsilon) : \epsilon> 0\}\).\N\NThe set-theoretic framework for this work is the Zermelo-Fraenkel system \(\mathbf{ZF}\). The main aim of this article is to give a quasi-metrization theorem for hybrids of type \(H_4(\mathcal{A})\) in the absence of the Axiom of Choice. The authors also prove that Kofner's quasi-metrization theorem is false if there exists an infinite Dedekind-finite subset of the real line. They also give a sufficient condition for \(H_4(\mathcal{A})\) to be metrizable in \(\mathbf{ZF}\). Finally, by showing that all spaces of type \(H_4(\mathcal{A})\) are both normal and completely regular in \(\mathbf{ZF}\), they strengthen Theorem 2.3 of [\textit{T. Richmond}, Appl. Gen. Topol. 24, No. 1, 157--168 (2023; Zbl 1532.54002)] asserting that every Hattori space is normal in \(\mathbf{ZFC}\).

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