Second-countable compact Hausdorff spaces as remainders in \textbf{ZF} and two new notions of infiniteness

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2021.107732MaRDI QIDQ2033206zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Eleftherios Tachtsis, Eliza Wajch, Kyriakos Keremedis

Publication date 14 June 2021

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.09526

zbMATH Keywords

Cantor setcompactificationmetrizabilityremainderUrysohn's metrization theoremweak forms of the axiom of choice

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Axiom of choice and related propositions (03E25) Consistency and independence results (03E35) Consistency and independence results in general topology (54A35) Extensions of spaces (compactifications, supercompactifications, completions, etc.) (54D35) Remainders in general topology (54D40) Local compactness, (sigma)-compactness (54D45) Metric spaces, metrizability (54E35)

Abstract: In the absence of the Axiom of Choice, necessary and sufficient conditions for a locally compact Hausdorff space to have all non-empty second-countable compact Hausdorff spaces as remainders are given in $mathbfZF$. Among other independence results, the characterization of locally compact Hausdorff spaces having all non-empty metrizable compact spaces as remainders, obtained by Hatzenhuhler and Mattson in $mathbfZFC$, is proved to be independent of $mathbfZF$. Urysohn's Metrization Theorem is generalized to the following theorem: every $T_3$-space which admits a base expressible as a countable union of finite sets is metrizable. Applications to solutions of problems concerning the existence of some special metrizable compactifications in $mathbfZF$ are shown. New concepts of a strongly filterbase infinite set and a dyadically filterbase infinite set are introduced, both stemming from the investigations on compactifications. Set-theoretic and topological definitions of the new concepts are given, and their relationship with certain known notions of infinite sets is investigated in $mathbfZF$. A new permutation model is introduced in which there exists a strongly filterbase infinite set which is weakly Dedekind-finite. All $mathbfZFA$-independence results of this article are transferable to $mathbfZF$.

Review text

A non-empty space \(K\) is called a remainder of a space \(X\) if there is a (Hausdorff) compactification \(\gamma X\) of \(X\) such that \(K\) is homeomorphic to \(\gamma X\setminus X\) . The main objective of the paper is to check, for given spaces \(X\) and \(K\), under what conditions in ZF is \(K\) a remainder of \(X\). These conditions usually involve some weakening of AC, so several such weakenings are listed, and a few new ones introduced. For example: \(M(C,S)\): Every compact metrizable metrizable space is separable. A set is \textit{cuf} if it is a countable union of finite sets. Section 2 contains the following generalization of Urysohn's metrization theorem, as well as some applications. Theorem 2.1. (ZF) If a T\(_3\) space \(X\) has a cuf base, then \(X\) is metrizable. Section 3 considers Tychonoff and Cantor cubes, \([0,1]^J\) and \(\{0,1\}^J\), in ZF. It is known that they are metrizable if and only if \(J\) is a cuf set. It is proven here that, for each of them, another equivalent condition for metrizability is the existence of a cuf base. Proposition 3.1 and Theorem 3.2. (a) A T\(_3\) space is embeddable in a metrizable Tychonoff cube if and only if it has a cuf base. (b) A T\(_3\) space is embeddable in a compact metrizable Tychonoff cube if and only if it is second-countable. Theorem 1.10 (proven in [\textit{J. Hatzenbuhler} and \textit{D. A. Mattson}, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 82, 478--480 (1981; Zbl 0469.54008)]) gives two equivalent conditions in ZFC for every compact metrizable space \(K\) to be a remainder of a locally compact, non-compact Hausdorff space \(X\). Theorem 4.1 of the present paper gives a modification that works in ZF for every second-countable \(K\). Furthermore, a proof is given that 1.10 can not hold in its entirety in the absence of AC, but one of the two conditions is sufficient even in ZF (Theorem 4.3). Theorem 5.4. (ZF) The statement ``All metrizable compact spaces are remainders of metrizable compactifications of \(\mathbb{N}\) is equivalent to \(M(C,S)\). Section 5 also includes comparisons of some of the weaker forms of AC used in the text. Several known and one new permutation models are used to show various independence results.

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Cited in

(10)

• Infinite Hausdorff spaces may lack cellular families or discrete subsets of cardinality \(\aleph_0\)
• Some independence results about compact metrizable spaces and two notions of finiteness
• \(k\)-spaces, sequential spaces and related topics in the absence of the axiom of choice
• Cellularity of infinite Hausdorff spaces in \textbf{ZF}
• Stranger things about the cardinality of compact metric spaces without AC
• Cuf products and cuf sums of (quasi-) metrizable spaces in ZF
• Non-discrete metrics in and some notions of finiteness
• Compact complement topologies and \(k\)-spaces
• Countable products and countable direct sums of compact metrizable spaces in the absence of the Axiom of Choice
• On iso-dense and scattered spaces without \textbf{AC}

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