The continuous \(d\)-open homomorphism images and subgroups of \(\mathbb{R} \)-factorizable paratopological groups (Q2049857)

A \textit{paratopological group} is a group with a topology such that the multiplication on the group is jointly continuous. In [\textit{M. Sanchis} and \textit{M. Tkachenko}, Topology Appl. 157, No. 4, 800--808 (2010; Zbl 1185.54034); \textit{L.-H. Xie} et al., ibid. 160, No. 14, 1902--1917 (2013; Zbl 1285.22010)] the classes of \({\mathbb R}_i\)-factorizable paratopological groups for \(i\in\{0,1,2,3,3.5\}\) were introduced. A paratopological group \(G\) is \textit{\({\mathbb R}_0\)-factorizable} (\textit{\({\mathbb R}_i\)-factorizable} for \(i\in\{1,2,3,3.5\}\)), if for every continuous real-valued function \(f\) on \(G\), one can find a continuous homomorphism \(\pi:G\to H\) onto a second-countable paratopological group \(H\) satisfying the \(T_0\) (resp., \(T_i+T_1\)) separation axiom and a continuous real-valued function \(h\) on \(H\) such that \(f=h\circ \pi\). If we do not impose any separation restriction on \(H\), we obtain the concept of \textit{\(\mathbb R\)-factorizability}. It is known that every \(\mathbb R\)-factorizable paratopological group is \({\mathbb R}_3\)-factorizable. Hence, the concepts of \(\mathbb R\), \({\mathbb R}_0\)-, \({\mathbb R}_1\)-, \({\mathbb R}_2\)-, and \({\mathbb R}_3\)-factorizability coincide in the class of paratopological groups. \textit{M. Sanchis} and \textit{M. Tkachenko}, posed the following questions in [op. cit.]. \begin{itemize} \item Let \(G\) be an \({\mathbb R}_i\)-factorizable paratopological group for some \(i\in\{1,2,3,3.5\}\). Is every open continuous homomorphic image \(H\) of \(G\) an \({\mathbb R}_i\)-factorizable paratopological group, provided that \(H\) satisfies the \(T_i\)-separation axiom? \item Let \(H\) be a subgroup of a completely regular paratopological group \(G\). If \(H\) is \({\mathbb R}_3\)-factorizable, must it be \(z\)-embedded in \(G\)? What if \(H\) is totally Lindelöf? \end{itemize} Recently, \textit{L.-X. Peng} and \textit{P. Zhang} [ibid. 258, 378--391 (2019; Zbl 1422.54042)] answered the first problem affirmatively. In this paper, the authors improve the result by Peng and Zhang, as follows: Let \(f:G\to H\) be a continuous \(d\)-open surjective homomorphism. If \(G\) is a \(\mathbb R\)-factorizable paratopological group, then so is \(H\). Furthermore, they give a partially positive answer to the second question. They prove that for a regular \(\mathbb R\)-factorizable paratopological group \(G\), every subgroup \(H\) of \(G\) is \(\mathbb R\)-factorizable if and only if \(H\) is \(z\)-embedded in \(G\).