Further results on new star-selection principles (Q2049880)

Recall that, given a set \(X\), \(A\subseteq X\), and a collection \(\mathscr U\) of subsets of \(X\), the star of \(A\) relative to \(\mathscr U\) is \[ \mathrm{St}(A,\mathscr U) = \bigcup \{ U \in \mathscr U : U \cap A \neq \emptyset \}. \] This paper is concerned with the following two selection principles introduced in [\textit{P. Bal} and \textit{S. Bhowmik}, Filomat 31, No. 13, 4041--4050 (2017; Zbl 1499.54104)]: \begin{itemize} \item \({}^\ast\mathcal U_1(\mathcal O,\mathcal O)\): Given a sequence \(\langle \mathscr U_n : n \in \omega \rangle\) of open covers of \(X\), there exists a sequence \(\langle U_n : n \in \omega\rangle\) where \(U_n\in\mathscr U_n\) for each \(n\in\omega\) so that \[ \left\{ \mathrm{St}\left( \bigcup_{j \in \omega} U_j , \mathscr U_n \right) : n \in \omega \right\} \] is an open cover of \(X\). \item \({}^\ast\mathcal U_{\mathrm{fin}}(\mathcal O,\mathcal O)\): Given a sequence \(\langle \mathscr U_n : n \in \omega \rangle\) of open covers of \(X\), there exists a sequence \(\langle \mathscr V_n : n \in \omega\rangle\) where \(\mathscr V_n\in [\mathscr U_n]^{<\omega}\) for each \(n\in\omega\) so that \[ \left\{ \mathrm{St}\left( \bigcup_{j \in \omega} \bigcup \mathscr V_j , \mathscr U_n \right) : n \in \omega \right\} \] is an open cover of \(X\). \end{itemize} Note that these differ from the more traditional star-selection principles \(\mathsf{S}^\ast_1(\mathcal O,\mathcal O)\) and \(\mathsf{S}_{\mathrm{fin}}^\ast(\mathcal O, \mathcal O)\) in that the stars are formed relative to the union of the sequence of selections. The first major result of this paper is to present an example of a Tychonoff space \(X\) which satisfies the property \({}^\ast\mathcal U_1(\mathcal O,\mathcal O)\) that contains a regular-closed \(G_\delta\) subspace that fails to satisfy the property \({}^\ast\mathcal U_{\mathrm{fin}}(\mathcal O,\mathcal O)\). Recall that a subspace \(A\) of \(X\) is said to be regular-closed if \(\mathrm{cl}_X \mathrm{int}_X A = A\). To produce this example, Isbell-Mrówka \(\psi\)-spaces and the one-point Lindelöfication of \(\omega_1\) are used. Recall that a family \(\mathcal A\) of infinite subsets of \(\omega\) is said to be almost disjoint if \(A \cap B\) is finite for all distinct \(A,B\in\mathcal A\). For an almost disjoint family \(\mathcal A\), the corresponding Isbell-Mrówka \(\psi\)-space is the set \(\psi(\mathcal A) := \mathcal A \cup \omega\) with the following topology: for each \(A \in \mathcal A\) and \(F \in [\omega]^{<\omega}\), \(\{A\} \cup (A \setminus F)\) is the basic neighborhood about \(A\); the naturals are isolated. Let \(D(\omega_1)\) be the set \(\omega_1\) endowed with the discrete topology. Then the one-point Lindelöfication of \(\omega_1\) is the set \(D(\omega_1) \cup \{\omega_1\}\) with the following topology: neighborhoods of \(\omega_1\) are co-countable; all points of \(D(\omega_1)\) are isolated. Consider \(Y := (L(\omega_1) \times [0,\omega_1]) \setminus \{ \langle \omega_1,\omega_1 \rangle \}\) and let \(Z\) be the disjoint union of \(\psi(\mathcal A)\) with \(Y\) where \(\mathcal A\) is an almost disjoint family of cardinality \(\omega_1\). Then we can fix a bijection \(\beta : \mathcal A \to \omega_1\) and define an equivalence relation on \(Z\): set \(A \sim \langle \beta(A) , \omega_1 \rangle\) for each \(A \in \mathcal A\). Let \(X\) be the resulting quotient space of \(Z\) under the relation \(\sim\); let \(q : Z \to X\) be the resulting quotient map. It is shown that \(X\) satisfies \({}^\ast\mathcal U_1(\mathcal O,\mathcal O)\) but that \(q[Y]\) is a regular-closed \(G_\delta\) subspace which fails to satisfy \({}^\ast\mathcal U_{\mathrm{fin}}(\mathcal O,\mathcal O)\). After this construction, the author asks if there is an example in the realm of normal spaces. The author next turns his attention to chain conditions. Recall that a space is CCC if every collection of pairwise disjoint open sets is at most countable. A space is DCCC if every discrete collection of pairwise disjoint open sets is at most countable, where a family is said to be discrete if every point has a neighborhood that intersects at most one of the sets in the family. For a subspace \(A\) of \(X\), an open expansion of \(A\) is a collection \(\{ U_x : x \in A \}\) of open sets in \(X\) so that \(x \in U_x\) for each \(x \in A\). A space is said to have property \(\chi\) if every uncountable disjoint family of open sets is locally countable. Then the author shows that, if \(D\) is an uncountable discrete subspace of \(X\) that has a disjoint, locally countable open expansion, then \(X\) does not have the property \({}^\ast\mathcal U_{\mathrm{fin}}(\mathcal O,\mathcal O)\). From this, it is also shown that any space with both of the properties \(\chi\) and \({}^\ast\mathcal U_{\mathrm{fin}}(\mathcal O,\mathcal O)\) is also DCCC. As a strengthening, if \(X\) is a perfect space with properties \(\chi\) and \({}^\ast\mathcal U_{\mathrm{fin}}(\mathcal O,\mathcal O)\), then \(X\) is CCC. Though the author produces an example of a space with property \({}^\ast\mathcal U_{1}(\mathcal O,\mathcal O)\) which is not weakly Lindelöf, he asks whether every weakly Lindelöf space has property \({}^\ast\mathcal U_{1}(\mathcal O,\mathcal O)\). In the penultimate section, the author considers extent. Recall that a space is of countable extent if every closed discrete subspace is countable. He shows that every stratifiable space with properties \(\chi\) and \({}^\ast\mathcal U_{\mathrm{fin}}(\mathcal O,\mathcal O)\) is Lindelöf. He also shows that any subspace of \(\omega_1^\omega\) with properties \(\chi\) and \({}^\ast\mathcal U_{\mathrm{fin}}(\mathcal O,\mathcal O)\) has countable extent. The final section of the paper gives a combinatorial characterization of Isbell-Mrówka \(\psi\)-spaces that satisfy either \({}^\ast\mathcal U_{\mathrm{fin}}(\mathcal O,\mathcal O)\) or \({}^\ast\mathcal U_{1}(\mathcal O,\mathcal O)\).