\(n\)-ary algebras of the first level (Q2053765)

The paper is about the study of \(n\)-ary algebras of level one. Roughly speaking, the notion of the level of an algebra is talking about the complexity of its multiplication law and the present classification gives all nonzero algebras with a ``more simple'' multiplication law than other algebras. The case of binary algebras is considered in [\textit{A. Kh. Khudoyberdiyev} and \textit{B. A. Omirov}, Linear Algebra Appl. 439, No. 11, 3460--3463 (2013; Zbl 1286.17006)]. In the present paper, the author generalizes the cited result to the \(n\)-ary case. For more understanding of the results of the paper, we give the following definitions. Given an \(m\)-dimensional vector space \(\mathbb V\) over \(\mathbf{k}\), the set \(\mathrm{Hom}(\mathbb V^ {\otimes m},\mathbb V) \cong (\mathbb V^*)^{ \otimes m} \otimes \mathbb V\) is a vector space of dimension \(m^{n+1}\). This space has the structure of the affine variety \(\mathbf{k}^{m^{n+1}}.\) Indeed, let us fix a basis \(e_1,\dots,e_m\) of \(\mathbb V\). Then any \(\mu\in \mathrm{Hom}(\mathbb V ^ {\otimes m},\mathbb V)\) is determined by \(m^{n+1}\) structure constants \(c_{i_1, \ldots, i_n}^k\in\mathbf{k}\) such that \(\mu(e_{i_1}\otimes \ldots \otimes e_{i_n})=\sum\limits_{k=1}^mc_{i_1, \ldots, i_n}^ke_k\). A subset of \(\mathrm{Hom}(\mathbb V ^ {\otimes m},\mathbb V)\) is \textit{Zariski-closed} if it can be defined by a set of polynomial equations in the variables \(c_{i_1, \ldots, i_n}^k\) (\(1\le i_1, \ldots, i_n,k\le m\)). Let \(T\) be a set of polynomial identities. The set of algebra structures on \(\mathbb V\) satisfying polynomial identities from \(T\) forms a Zariski-closed subset of the variety \(\Hom(\mathbb V ^ {\otimes m},\mathbb V)\). We denote this subset by \(\mathbb{L}(T)\). The general linear group \(\mathrm{GL}(\mathbb V)\) acts on \(\mathbb{L}(T)\) by conjugations: \[ (g * \mu )(x_1\otimes \ldots \otimes x_n) = g\mu(g^{-1}x_1\otimes\ldots \otimes g^{-1}x_n)\] for \(x_1, \ldots, x_n\in \mathbb V\), \(\mu\in \mathbb{L}(T)\subset \Hom(\mathbb V ^ {\otimes m}, \mathbb V)\) and \(g\in \mathrm{GL}(\mathbb V)\). Thus, \(\mathbb{L}(T)\) is decomposed into \(\mathrm{GL}(\mathbb V)\)-orbits that correspond to the isomorphism classes of algebras. Let \(O(\mu)\) denote the orbit of \(\mu\in\mathbb{L}(T)\) under the action of \(\mathrm{GL}(\mathbb V)\) and \(\overline{O(\mu)}\) denote the Zariski closure of \(O(\mu)\). \textbf{Definition}. Let \(A\) and \(B\) be two \(m\)-dimensional algebras satisfying the identities from \(T\), and let \(\mu,\lambda \in \mathbb{L}(T)\) represent \( A\) and \( B\), respectively. We say that \( A\) degenerates to \( B\) and write \( A\to B\) if \(\lambda\in\overline{O(\mu)}\). Note that in this case we have \(\overline{O(\lambda)}\subset\overline{O(\mu)}\). Hence, the definition of a degeneration does not depend on the choice of \(\mu\) and \(\lambda\). If \(A\not\cong B\), then the assertion \( A\to B\) is called a \textit{non-trivial degeneration}. \textbf{Definition}. The level of the \(m\)-dimensional \(n\)-ary algebra \(A\) is the maximal number \(L\) such that there exists a sequence of non-trivial degenerations \(A \to A_{L-1} \to \cdots \to A_1 \to A_0\) for some \(m\)-dimensional \(n\)-ary algebras \(A_i\) \((0 \leq i\leq L-1).\) The infinite level of the algebra \(A\) is the number defined by the equality \(lev_{\infty}(A) = lim_{s\to \infty} lev(A \oplus \mathbf{k}^s).\) First, the author defined two principal types of algebras for the future consideration: \textbf{Definition 3.3.} The algebra of the \(n\)-linear form \(\Delta\) is the \(n\)-ary algebra that as a linear space is isomorphic to \(U \oplus\mathbf k\) and has the multiplication defined by the formula \([(u_1, \alpha_1), \ldots ,(u_n, \alpha_n)] = ( 0, \Delta(u_1 \otimes \ldots \otimes u_n))\) for \(u_1, \ldots ,u_n \in U\) and \(\alpha_1, \ldots, \alpha_n \in \mathbf k.\) Equivalently these algebras can be characterized as algebras \(A\) that have a nonzero element \(a \in A\) such that one has \([a_1,\ldots ,a_n] \in \langle a \rangle\) for any \(a_1, \ldots,a_n \in A\) and \([a_1, \ldots,a_n] = 0\) whenever \(a_i = a\) for some \(1 \leq i \leq n.\) \textbf{Definition 3.4.} The \(n\)-ary algebra \(A\) is called subalgebraic if any subspace of \(A\) is a subalgebra of \(A.\) Equivalently, \(A\) is subalgebraic if for any \(a_1, \ldots, a_n \in A\) one has \([a_1, \ldots,a_n] \in \langle a_1, \dots, a_n \rangle.\) Note that, the algebras defined in the last definition are \(n\)-ary algebras of length one (the classification of binary unital algebras of length one is given in [\textit{O. V. Markova} et al., J. Pure Appl. Algebra 226, No. 7, Article ID 106993, 16 p. (2022; Zbl 1486.17006)]) Second, the author considered algebras of the \(n\)-linear form \(\Delta\) in section 4; and subalgebraic algebras in Section 5. As we can see, these algebras are principal algebras for classifications of \(n\)-ary algebras of level one. The paper finishes Section 6 which includes the main theorem and its illustration for \(n=2,3\). In particular, he gave the classification of all \(3\)-ary algebras of level one in the varieties of \(3\)-Lie, partially associative, and totally associative algebras.