Nondegeneracy of heteroclinic orbits for a class of potentials on the plane (Q2060935)

Consider the following Hamiltonian system: \[ \ddot{u}(t) - \nabla W (u(t))=0, \ t \in \mathbb{R}, \] where \(W: \mathbb{R}^m \longrightarrow [0,+\infty), m\geq 1,\) vanishing on a set \(A\) of isolated points. A heteroclinic orbit of the above system is a solution \(u\in C^2(\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R}^m)\) such that \[ \lim_{t\longrightarrow \pm\infty} u(t)=a^{\pm}\ \text{ for some }\ a^{+}\neq a^{-}, \left\{a^-, a^+\right\}\subset A. \] The authors prove the nondegeneracy of heteroclinic orbits when \(m=2\) and the potentials \(W\) are of the form \(W=|f(z)|^2,\) with \(f: \mathbb{C}\longrightarrow \mathbb{C}\) being a holomorphic function.