On terms in a dynamical divisibility sequence having a fixed g.c.d with their indices (Q2090582)

Let \(f\) be a polynomial with integer coefficients and let \(f^n\) denote the \(n\)-th iterate of \(f\). Then the dynamical orbit of \(0\) under \(f\), the sequence \((a_n)_{n\geq1}\) given by \(a_n=f^n(0)\) for \(n\geq1\), is known to share many interesting properties with sequences arising from algebraic groups, including elliptic divisibility sequences and Lucas sequences. For example \((a_n)_{n\geq1}\) is a divisibility sequence, meaning \(a_n\vert a_m\) whenever \(n|m\). With this analogy between dynamics and algebraic groups in mind, this paper explores the interaction between the prime factorization of \(a_n\) and the index \(n\) by computing the asymptotic density of the set, \[ \mathcal{A}_{f,k}:=\{n\geq1\,:\, \gcd(n,a_n)=k\} \] for fixed \(k\). In particular, when the linear term of \(f\) is zero it is shown that \(\mathcal{A}_{f,k}\) has positive density if and only if \(\mathcal{A}_{f,k}\neq\varnothing\). Moreover, a more precise description of the density of \(\mathcal{A}_{f,k}\) is given subject to a suitable dynamical condition. Likewise, similar results are reached for a larger, more technical set \(\mathcal{B}_{f,k}\).