Meromorphic first integrals of analytic diffeomorphisms (Q2097588)

The authors provide an upper bound for the number of functionally independent meromorphic first integrals that a discrete dynamical system generated by an analytic map \(f\) can have in a neighborhood of one of its fixed points. In this study, the authors consider analytic diffeomorphisms in \((\mathbb{C}^{n}, 0)\), a neighborhood of the origin, \(y = f(x)\), \(x\in (\mathbb{C}^{n}, 0)\), with \(f(0) = 0\). A function \(R(x) = G(x)/H(x)\) with \(G\) and \(H\) analytic functions in \((\mathbb{C}^{n}, 0)\) is a meromorphic first integral of the diffeomorphism \(y=f(x)\) if \(G(f(x))H(x) = G(x)H(f(x))\), for all \(x \in (\mathbb{C}^{n}, 0)\). In this work, the authors follow the classical approach of Poincaré for studying the same problem for continuous dynamical systems given by analytic ordinary differential equations. The first main purpose of this article is to discuss the following result. Assume that the analytic diffeomorphism \(y = f(x)\), \(x\in (\mathbb{C}^{n}, 0)\), satisfies \(f(0) = 0\) and let \(\mu = (\mu_{1}, \dots, \mu_{n})\) be the eigenvalues of D\(f(0)\). Then the number of functionally independent generalized rational first integrals of the analytic diffeomorphism \(y = f(x)\) in \((\mathbb{C}^{n}, 0)\) is at most the dimension of the \(\mathbb{Z}\)-linear space generated from \(\{\mathbf{k} \in \mathbb{Z}^{n} : \mu^{\mathbf{k}} = 1\}\). The authors use the expansion of analytic functions \(G(x)\) and \(H(x)\) in the proof of result as follows: \[G^{0}(x)+\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}G^{i}(x),\] and \[H^{0}(x)+\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}H^{i}(x),\] where \(G^{i}(x)\) and \(H^{i}(x)\) are homogeneous polynomials of degrees \(\mathrm{deg}(G^{0}(x))+i\) and \(\mathrm{deg}(H^{0}(x))+i\), respectively. The second main goal is to give some applications of their results. The authors firstly mention two simple integrable examples: \begin{itemize} \item[(i)] The planar map \(f(x, y)=(y, -bx+c/y)\), \(b, c \in \mathbb{C}\), \(b\neq 0\), arising from the difference equation \(x_{n+2} = -bx_{n} + c/x_{n+1}+1\); \item[(ii)] The planar map \(f(x, y)=(y, x^{p}y^{q})\), \(p, q \in \mathbb{Z}\), \(p\neq 0\), arising from the difference equation \(x_{n+2} = x^{p}_{n}y^{q}_{n+1})\). \end{itemize} They also consider an example of rational maps \[f(x, y)=(R_{1}(x, y), R_{2}(x, y))=\left(\frac{P_{1}(x, y)}{Q_{1}(x, y)}, \frac{P_{2}(x, y)}{Q_{2}(x, y)}\right),\] with coefficients in \(\mathbb{Q}\), that is, with \(P_{i}, Q_{i}\in \mathbb{Q}[x, y]\) for \(i=1, 2\). Further, they give some computable conditions to know whether this planar rational map with rational coefficients has a meromorphic first integral. Moreover, the authors give several examples to justify their results. They also provide the following example to apply their techniques to prove the non-meromorphic integrability of a concrete rational map. This is given by \[f(x, y)=\left(x+y^{2}-xy, \frac{x^{2}+xy+1}{x^{2}-3y+1}\right)\] with fixed point \((\widehat{x}, \widehat{y}) = (s, s)\), where \(s \equiv 4.836\) is the real root of \(P(x)=x^{3}-5x^{2}+x-1\). Finally, the authors discuss some examples in dimension greater than or equal to two.