Explicit Artin maps into \(\mathrm{PGL}_2\) (Q2121044)

This paper is concerned with exhibiting interesting examples where the author can explicitly compute the Artin map and doing so reveal important arithmetic information. Most of the main results of the paper are obtained over finite fields of the form \(\mathbb{F}_q\) where \(q\) is the power of a prime number. Given \(K\) be a field and \(G\) be a finite subgroup of \(\mathrm{PGL}_2 (K)\). It is well known that there is \(Q \in K(x)\) such that \(K(x) / K(Q(x))\) has Galois group \(G\). Given \(\tau \in \overline{K}\cup \{ \infty \}\) regular and \(\sigma \in \mathrm{Aut} (\overline{K} /K)\) such that \(\sigma (\tau) = \tau\). For each \(v \in Q^{-1} ( \tau)\), there is a unique \(\gamma \in G\), such that \(\sigma (v) = \gamma (v)\). We denote \(\mathrm{inv}_Q(\tau, \sigma)\) to be the conjugacy class of \(\gamma\) over \(G\). When \(K= \mathbb{F}_q\) and \(\sigma (v) = v^q\), where \(q\) is a prime power. Then as discovered by Xander Faber, the map \(\tau \mapsto \mathrm{inv}_Q(\tau, \sigma)\) is up to translating \(\tau\) the Artin map. Interestingly, by choosing examples wisely, the author can relate different important arithmetic tools with the Artin map. The simplest example given by an order 2 subgroup of \(\mathrm{PGL}_2(\mathbb{F}_q)\) that the author explicitly works out, already reveals that the Artin invariant for this group is intimately connected with the quadratic residue symbol. The author also connects the Artin invariant with Kummer extensions via a subgroup of \(\mathrm{PGL}_2 (\mathbb{F}_q)\) isomorphic to the group of the \(n^{th}\)-roots of unity and \(Q(x)=x^n\). Taking \(G\) be a subgroup of \(\mathrm{PGL}_2 ( \mathbb{F}_q)\) identified with the Klein Group and \(Q(x) = (x+1/x)^2/4\), the author proves that \(\mathrm{inv} (\tau , q)\) is given explicitly in terms of \(\binom{\tau}{q}\) and \(\binom{\tau-1}{q}\). The Artin invariant when \(G\) is a unipotent subgroup of \(\mathrm{PGL}_2( \mathbb{F}_q)\) and \(Q(x) = (x+1/x)^2/4\) is in terms of additive polynomials that have all their roots in the ground field. The author deduces the following criterion for additive polynomials. Splitting criterion. Let \(q= p^n\) where \(p\) is a prime or a prime power, and let \(L(x) = x^{p^d}+ \sum_{i=0}^{d-1} a_i x^{p^i}\) be an \(\mathbb{F}_p\)-additive polynomial, where \(a_i \in \mathbb{F}_q\), \(a_0 \neq 0\), and \(d \geq 1\). Then all the roots of \(L\) are in \(\mathbb{F}_q\) if and only if there is an \(\mathbb{F}_p\)-additive polynomial \(M(x) = x^{p^{n-d}} + \sum_{i=0}^{n-d-1} b_i x^{p^i} \in \mathbb{F}_p [x]\) with \(M \circ L (x) = x^q -x\). In that case, it is also true that \(L \circ M (x) = x^q-x\). In that case, it is also true that \(L \circ M (x) = x^q -x\). Considering the group \(G= \mathrm{PGL}_2(\mathbb{F}_q)\) and \(Q(x)= (x^{q^2} -x)^{q+1} / (x^q -x)^{q^2+1}\), the author can deduce another of their main result establishes a bijection between \(\mathrm{inv}_Q(\tau, \sigma)\) such that \(\gamma\) has order greater or equal to \(3\) and \(\mathbb{F}_q^\times\). The author also obtains a very intriguing result over a general field by considering the subgroup \(G = \{ I , \beta , \beta^2\} \) of \(\mathrm{PGL}_2(K)\) where \(\beta = \left( \begin{array}{cc} 1 & -1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} \right)\) and \(Q(x) = (x^3 -3x+1)/(x(x+1))\). She establishes that \(\mathrm{inv}_Q (\tau , \sigma) = \beta^\ell\). This result reveals a connection between \(\ell\) and a certain cube root. More precisely: Theorem \(\ell \pmod 3\) is determined by: \begin{itemize} \item[1.] If \(\mathrm{char}(K) \neq 3\), let \(\omega \in \overline{K}\) denote a primitive cube root of unity and let \(\zeta \in \overline{K}\) satisfy \(\zeta^3 = ( \tau + 3 \omega^2) / (\tau + 3 \omega)\). Then \(\sigma^2 (\zeta ) / \zeta = \omega^\ell\). \item[2.] If \(\mathrm{char}(K)=3\), let \(\zeta \in \overline{K}\) satisfy \(\zeta^3- \zeta = 1/\tau \). Then \(\ell = \sigma ( \zeta ) - \zeta\). \item[3.] In the special case where \(K = \mathbb{F}_q\) and \(\sigma\) is the Frobenius, \(\sigma ( x) = x^q\), then \[ \begin{cases} \omega^\ell = \left( \frac{ \tau + 3 w^2}{\tau + 3 \omega } \right)^{(q^2-1) /3} & \text{ if } 3 \nmid q \\ \ell = \mathrm{Tr}_{\mathbb{F}_q / \mathbb{F}_3} ( 1/\tau) & \text{ if } 3| q \end{cases} \] \end{itemize} This article definitely sparked my curiosity about Artin maps. It is a great source of interesting examples revealing arithmetics wonders via Artin maps.