Cyclic and well-rounded lattices (Q2121980)

Denote by \(\mathcal{O}_{n}(\mathbb{R})\) the group of real orthogonal \(n\times n\) matrices, by \(L\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\) a lattice of rank \(n\), with \emph{minimum} defined to be \[|L|:=\displaystyle \min\{\Vert x\Vert:x\in L\backslash \{0\}\},\] and define the set of \emph{minimal vectors} of \(L\) to be \(S(L):=\{x\in L:\Vert x\Vert=|L|\}.\) Two lattices \(L_{1}\) and \(L_{2}\) are called \emph{similar}, denoted by \(L_{1}\sim L_{2}\), if there exist \(\alpha\in \mathbb{R}_+\) and \(U\in \mathcal{O}_{n}(\mathbb{R})\) such that \(L_{2}=\alpha UL_{1}\). This is an equivalence relation on the space of lattices in \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\). A lattice \(L\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\) of rank \(k\) can be written as \(L=B\mathbb{Z}^{k}\), where \(1\leq k\leq n\) and \(B\) is an \(n\times k\) basis matrix of rank \(k\). The \emph{determinant} of \(L\) is then defined as \(\det(L)=\sqrt{\det(B^{\mathrm{T}}B)}.\) A lattice \(L\) is called \emph{semistable} if for any sublattice \(M\) of rank \(1\leq k\leq n,\) \(\det(L)^{1/n}\leq\det(M)^{1/k},\) and \(L\) is called \emph{stable} if this inequality is strict for all \(M\neq L\). The stability condition is again preserved under similarity. Additionally, a lattice \(L\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\), not necessarily of full rank, is called\emph{ cyclic} in \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) if it closed under the rotation shift linear operator \(\rho\) : \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{n}\), given by \(\rho(c_{1},c_{2},\ldots,c_{n})=(c_{n},c_{1},\ldots,c_{n-1})\), so if \(\rho(L)=L\). The authors note that this property is not preserved under similarity: indeed, the integer lattice \(\mathbb{Z}^{2}\) is cyclic and is similar to \[\left(\begin{array}{ll} 1 & -a\\ a & 1 \end{array}\right) \mathbb{Z}^{2},\] which is not cyclic for any irrational \(a\). On the other hand, a full-rank lattice \(L\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\) is similar to a cyclic lattice if and only if \(L\) has an isometry with minimal polynomial \(x^{n}-1\). In this present work the authors show (Theorem 1.1) that every well rounded lattice \(L\subset \mathbb{R}^2\) is similar to a unique cyclic lattice \[ M(x)= \left (\begin{array}{cc} 1,x\\ x,1 \end{array}\right ) \mathbb{Z}^2, \] with \(x\in[0,2-\sqrt{3}]\). Further, if \(K\subseteq \mathbb{R}\) is a subfield such that \(L\subset K^{2}\), then \(x\in K.\)