Cocycle deformations for Hom-Hopf algebras (Q2122228)

This article is quite extensive, so we only give a review of the main result therein. In this work the authors introduce the analogue of 2-cocycle for Hopf algebra in the setting of Hom-algebras, that they called it \textit{Hom-2-cocycle}. With this notion of cocycle, the authors give a theory of multiplication alteration for Hom-Hopf-algebras. The authors prove that if the endomorphism \(\alpha\) associated to a Hom-Hopf algebra \(H\) satisfies \(\alpha^4=\alpha\) and \(H\) has a convolution invertible Hom-2-cocycle, then it is possible to define a new product in \(H\) to get a new Hom-Hopf algebra. The authors assume that the endomorphism \(\alpha\) is not an isomorphism. Due to in a previous work, is shown that if \(\alpha\) is an isomorphism then the Hom-algebras arising are classical algebras in a suitable category implying that the classical results of Hopf-algebras can be translated to the Hom setting. \smallskip There are different approaches to state a definition of Hom-algebra, but all known coincide with the classical definition of algebra when \(\alpha\) is the identity. To define a Hom-algebra, the authors begin by considering a strict symmetric monoidal category \(\mathcal{C}\) with unit object \(K\), tensor product \(\otimes\), and a natural isomorphism of symmetry \(c\). A \textit{magma} in \(\mathcal{C}\) is a pair \((A,\mu_A)\) such that \(\mu_A:A \otimes A \to A\) (product) is a morphism in \(\mathcal{C}\). A \textit{unital magma} in \(\mathcal{C}\) is a triple \(\mathbf{A}=(A,\eta_A,\mu_A)\) where \((A,\mu_A)\) is a magma in \(\mathcal{C}\) and \(\eta_A:K \to A\) (unit) is a morphism in \(\mathcal{C}\) such that \(\mu_A \circ (A \otimes \eta_A)=\operatorname{Id}_A=\mu_A \circ (\eta_A \otimes A)\). By reversing arrows and duality, it can be defined a \textit{comagma} in \(\mathcal{C}\). Thus, a \textit{Hom-algebra} in \(\mathcal{C}\) is a magma \((A,\mu_A)\) with morphism \(\alpha:A \to A\) such that \(\mu_A \circ (\alpha \otimes \mu_A)=\mu_A \circ (\mu_A \otimes \alpha)\). The Hom-algebra \((A,\mu_A)\) is \textit{unital} if there exists \(\eta_A:K \to A\) such that \(\alpha=\mu_A \circ (A \otimes \eta_A)\) and \(\alpha \circ \eta_A=\eta_A\). If \(\mathbf{A}\) and \(\mathbf{B}\) are unital Hom-algebras then \(\mathbf{A} \otimes \mathbf{B}\) is a unital Hom-algebra. By reversing arrows, the authors define the notion of \textit{monoidal Hom-coalgebra}. Let \(\mathbf{A}=(A,\mu_A, \alpha)\) be a Hom-algebra and let \(\mathbf{C}=(C,\delta_C,\gamma)\) be a Hom-coalgebra. If \(f,g:C \to A\) are two morphisms, the author define what they called the \textit{convolution operation} \(f \ast g=\mu_A \circ (f \otimes g) \circ \delta_C\). When \(\mathbf{A}\) is unital and \(\mathbf{C}\) is counital, a morphism \(h:C \to A\) is \textit{invertible} if there exists \(h^{-1}:C \to A\) such that \(h \ast h^{-1}=h^{-1} \ast h=\epsilon_C \otimes \eta_A\), \(h=\alpha \circ h \circ \gamma\) and \(h^{-1}=\alpha \circ h^{-1} \circ \gamma\). The set consisting of convolution invertible morphisms is denoted by \(\mathrm{Reg}(C,A)\), that is a group under the convolution product. A \textit{Hom-bialgebra} in \(\mathcal{C}\) is a sextuple \(\mathbf{H}=(H,\eta_H,\mu_H,\epsilon_H,\delta_H,\alpha)\) where \((H,\eta_H,\mu_H,\alpha)\) is a unital Hom-algebra and \((H,\epsilon_H,\delta_H,\alpha)\) is a counital Hom-coalgebra satisfying: \begin{itemize} \item[(c1)] \(\delta_H \circ \mu_H=(\mu_H \otimes \mu_H) \circ \delta_{H \otimes H},\) \item[(c2)] \(\delta_H \circ \eta_H=\eta_H \otimes \eta_H, \) \item[(c3)] \(\epsilon_H \circ \mu_H=\epsilon_H \otimes \epsilon_H,\) \item[(c4)] \(\epsilon_H \circ \eta_H=\operatorname{Id}_K.\) \end{itemize} If there exists \(\lambda_H:H \to H\), called the antipode, antimultiplicative (\(\lambda_H \circ \mu_H=\mu_H \circ c_{H,H} \circ (\lambda_H \otimes \lambda_H)\)) and anticomultiplicative (\(\delta_H \circ \lambda_H=(\lambda_H \otimes \lambda_H) \circ c_{H,H} \circ \delta_H\)) such that: \begin{itemize} \item[(c5)] \(\alpha \circ \lambda_H=\lambda_H \circ \alpha,\) \item[(c6)] \(\operatorname{Id}_H \ast \lambda_H=\eta_H \otimes \epsilon_H=\lambda_H \ast \operatorname{Id}_H,\) \end{itemize} then \((\mathbf{H},\lambda_H)\) is a \textit{Hom-Hopf algebra} in \(\mathcal{C}\). The authors introduce the notion of Hom-2-cocycle in order to provide a way of altering the product of a Hom-Hopf algebra. A \textit{Hom-2-cocycle} is a morphism \(\sigma:H \otimes H \to K\) such that \(\sigma=\sigma \circ (\alpha \otimes \alpha)\) and \(\partial_1(\sigma) \ast \partial_3{\sigma}=\partial_4(\sigma) \ast \partial_2(\sigma)\), where: \[ \partial_1(\sigma)=\epsilon_H \otimes \sigma,\,\partial_2(\sigma)=\sigma \circ (\mu_H \otimes H),\,\partial_3(\sigma)=\sigma \circ (H \otimes \mu_H),\,\partial_4(\sigma)=\sigma \otimes \epsilon_H. \] The Hom-2-cocycle \(\sigma\) is \textit{normal} if \(\sigma \circ (\eta_H \otimes H)=\epsilon_H=\sigma \circ (H \otimes \eta_H)\). In addition, \(\sigma\) is invertible if \(\sigma \in \operatorname{Reg}(H \otimes H,K)\). A property that the authors prove is that if \(\sigma\) is invertible, then \(\sigma\) is normal if and only if so is its inverse \(\sigma^{-1}\). If \(\sigma\) is an invertible Hom-2-cocycle then \(\partial_{\ell}(\sigma)\) belong to \(\operatorname{Reg}(H \otimes H \otimes H,K)\) with inverse \(\partial_{\ell}(\sigma^{-1})\), for all \(1 \leq \ell \leq 4\). If \(\sigma\) is a normal invertible Hom-2-cocycle and define \(t_{\sigma}=\sigma \circ (\eta_H \otimes \eta_H)\) and \(t_{\sigma}^{\prime}=\sigma^{-1} \circ (\eta_H \otimes \eta_H)\) then \(\xi_{\sigma}=t^{\prime}_{\sigma} \otimes \sigma\) is a normal invertible 2-cocycle with inverse \(\xi_{\sigma}^{-1}=t_{\sigma} \otimes \sigma^{-1}\). Then, the authors define the following products: \begin{align*} & \mu_1^{\sigma}=\alpha \circ (\sigma \otimes \sigma^{-1})\circ \delta_{H \otimes H},\\ & \mu_2^{\sigma}=\alpha \circ (\mu_H \otimes \sigma^{-1}) \circ (\sigma \otimes \delta_{H,H})\circ \delta_{H\otimes H},\\ & \mu_3^{\sigma}=\alpha \circ (\sigma \otimes \mu_H \otimes \sigma^{-1})\circ (H \otimes c_{H,H} \otimes c_{H,H} \otimes H) \circ (\delta_H \otimes H \otimes H \otimes \delta_H) \circ \delta_{H \otimes H},\\ & \mu_4^{\sigma}=\alpha \circ (\sigma \otimes \mu_H \otimes \sigma^{-1})\circ (H \otimes c_{H,H} \otimes c_{H,H} \otimes H) \circ (H \otimes \delta_{H \otimes H} \otimes H) \circ (\delta_H \otimes \delta_H). \end{align*} Similarly construct \(\mu_{\ell}^{\xi_{\sigma}}\) for all \(\ell \in \{1,2,3,4\}\). Then \(\mu_{\ell}^{\sigma}=\mu_{\ell}^{\xi_{\sigma}}\) for all \(\ell \in \{1,2,3,4\}\). In addition, if \(\omega\) is an invertible Hom-2-cocycle then \(\mu_1^{\omega}=\mu_2^{\omega}=\mu_3^{\omega}=\mu_4^{\omega}\) and if \(\sigma\) is invertible then \(\mu_1^{\sigma}=\mu_2^{\sigma}=\mu_3^{\sigma}=\mu_4^{\sigma}\). When this is the case, is written \(\mu_{\ell}^{\sigma}=\mu_{H^{\sigma}}\). On the other hand, the following conditions are equivalents: \[ \alpha^4=\alpha \Leftrightarrow \alpha=\mu_{H^{\sigma}} \circ (\eta_H \otimes H) \Leftrightarrow \alpha=\mu_{H^{\sigma}}\circ (H \otimes \eta_H). \] Then the authors sate the main result of the work, which is: if \(\mathbf{H}=(H,\eta_H,\mu_H,\epsilon_H,\delta_H,\alpha,\lambda_H)\) is a Hom-Hopf algebra such that \(\alpha^4=\alpha\) and \(\sigma\) is a convolution invertible Hom-2-cocycle, then\\ \(H^{\sigma}=(H,\eta_H,\mu_{H^{\sigma}},\epsilon_H,\delta_H,\alpha,\lambda_{H^{\sigma}})\) is a Hom-Hopf algebra, where \(\lambda_{H^{\sigma}}=(f \otimes (\alpha \circ \lambda_H) \otimes f^{-1})\circ (H \otimes \delta_H) \circ \delta_H\) and \(f=\sigma \circ (H \otimes \lambda_H) \circ \delta_H \in \operatorname{Reg}(H,K)\) with \(f^{-1}=\sigma^{-1} \circ (\lambda_H \otimes H) \circ \delta_H\).