Galois representations attached to elliptic curves with complex multiplication (Q2164765)

Let \(K\) be an imaginary quadratic field with ring of integers \(\mathcal{O}_K\) and let \(\mathcal{O}_{K,f}\) be the order of \(\mathcal{O}_K\) of conductor \(f\). Let \(j_{K,f}\) be (a Galois conjugate of) the \(j\)-invariant of \(\mathcal{O}_{K,f}\) and let \(E_{/\mathbb{Q}(j_{K,f})}\) be an elliptic curve with \(j(E)=j_{K,f}\), so that \(E\) has CM by \(\mathcal{O}_{K,f}\). The paper deals with the image of the usual Galois representation \(\rho_{E,p}:\mathrm{Gal}(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}/\mathbb{Q})\rightarrow\mathrm{Aut}(T_p(E)) \simeq\mathrm{GL}_2(\mathbb{Z}_p)\), where \(p\) is a prime and \(T_p(E):=\displaystyle{\lim_{\leftarrow} E[p^n]}\) is the \(p\)-adic Tate module defined by the \(p\)-power torsion points of \(E\). The author uses class field theory and the theory of complex conjugation to provide a description of the \(N\)-division fields \(K(E[N],j_{K,f})\) in terms of ray class and ring class fields, thus obtaining the Galois groups \(G_{N,f}:=\mathrm{Gal}(K(E[N],j_{K,f})/K(j_{K,f}))\) in terms of generalized class groups. This, with the choice of a basis of \(E[N]\) and the action of the Galois representation, yields injections \(G_{N,f}\hookrightarrow\mathrm{Aut}(E[N])\simeq \left(\mathcal{O}_{K,f}/N\mathcal{O}_{K,f}\right)^*\). Then one needs to check the compatibility of those maps with the inverse limit defining the Tate module and to include the complex conjugation arising from \(\mathrm{Gal}(K(j_{K,f})/\mathbb{Q}(j_{K,f}))\). The paper provides a detailed case by case analysis of these extensions and Galois groups distinguishing between primes of good and bad reduction (as usual the prime 2 often requires a special treatment which is detailed in the final section). The main results show (roughly speaking, the various cases are too many to be detailed here) that \(\mathrm{Im}(\rho_{E,p})\) is a subgroup of some Cartan group \[ \mathcal{C}_{\delta,\phi}(p^\infty):=\lim_{\leftarrow} \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} a+b\phi & b \\ b\delta & a \end{pmatrix}: a,b\in \mathbb{Z}/(p^n) ,\ a^2+ab\phi-\delta b^2\in \left(\mathbb{Z}/(p^n)\right)^*\right\} \subset \mathrm{GL}_2(\mathbb{Z}_p) \] (where \(\delta\) and \(\phi\) are explicit and only depend on \(K\) and \(f\)) or of a normalizer \(\mathcal{N}_{\delta,\phi}(p^\infty)\) of such group, and also provide generators for that image depending on the possible values of \(\left| \mathcal{N}_{\delta,\phi}(p^\infty)/\mathrm{Im}(\rho_{E,p})\right|\).