Galois representations attached to elliptic curves with complex multiplication

DOI10.2140/ANT.2022.16.777MaRDI QIDQ2164765zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Publication date 17 August 2022

Published in Algebra \& Number Theory (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.02584

\(p\)-adic Cartan subgroups complex multiplication division fields elliptic curve Galois representation

Galois representations (11F80) Elliptic curves over global fields (11G05) Complex multiplication and moduli of abelian varieties (11G15) Elliptic curves (14H52)

Abstract: The goal of this article is to give an explicit classification of the possible

p

-adic Galois representations that are attached to elliptic curves

E

with CM defined over

m a t h b b Q (j (E))

. More precisely, let

K

be an imaginary quadratic field, and let

m a t h c a l O_{K, f}

be an order in

K

of conductor

f g e q 1

. Let

E

be an elliptic curve with CM by

m a t h c a l O_{K, f}

, such that

E

is defined by a model over

m a t h b b Q (j (E))

. Let

p g e q 2

be a prime, let

G_{m a t h b b Q (j (E))}

be the absolute Galois group of

m a t h b b Q (j (E))

, and let

h o_{E, p^{i} n f t y} c o l o n G_{m a t h b b Q (j (E))} o o p e r a t o r n a m e G L (2, m a t h b b Z_{p})

be the Galois representation associated to the Galois action on the Tate module

T_{p} (E)

. The goal is then to describe, explicitly, the groups of

o p e r a t o r n a m e G L (2, m a t h b b Z_{p})

that can occur as images of

h o_{E, p^{i} n f t y}

, up to conjugation, for an arbitrary order

m a t h c a l O_{K, f}

.

Review text

Let \(K\) be an imaginary quadratic field with ring of integers \(\mathcal{O}_K\) and let \(\mathcal{O}_{K,f}\) be the order of \(\mathcal{O}_K\) of conductor \(f\). Let \(j_{K,f}\) be (a Galois conjugate of) the \(j\)-invariant of \(\mathcal{O}_{K,f}\) and let \(E_{/\mathbb{Q}(j_{K,f})}\) be an elliptic curve with \(j(E)=j_{K,f}\), so that \(E\) has CM by \(\mathcal{O}_{K,f}\). The paper deals with the image of the usual Galois representation \(\rho_{E,p}:\mathrm{Gal}(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}/\mathbb{Q})\rightarrow\mathrm{Aut}(T_p(E)) \simeq\mathrm{GL}_2(\mathbb{Z}_p)\), where \(p\) is a prime and \(T_p(E):=\displaystyle{\lim_{\leftarrow} E[p^n]}\) is the \(p\)-adic Tate module defined by the \(p\)-power torsion points of \(E\). The author uses class field theory and the theory of complex conjugation to provide a description of the \(N\)-division fields \(K(E[N],j_{K,f})\) in terms of ray class and ring class fields, thus obtaining the Galois groups \(G_{N,f}:=\mathrm{Gal}(K(E[N],j_{K,f})/K(j_{K,f}))\) in terms of generalized class groups. This, with the choice of a basis of \(E[N]\) and the action of the Galois representation, yields injections \(G_{N,f}\hookrightarrow\mathrm{Aut}(E[N])\simeq \left(\mathcal{O}_{K,f}/N\mathcal{O}_{K,f}\right)^*\). Then one needs to check the compatibility of those maps with the inverse limit defining the Tate module and to include the complex conjugation arising from \(\mathrm{Gal}(K(j_{K,f})/\mathbb{Q}(j_{K,f}))\). The paper provides a detailed case by case analysis of these extensions and Galois groups distinguishing between primes of good and bad reduction (as usual the prime 2 often requires a special treatment which is detailed in the final section). The main results show (roughly speaking, the various cases are too many to be detailed here) that \(\mathrm{Im}(\rho_{E,p})\) is a subgroup of some Cartan group \[ \mathcal{C}_{\delta,\phi}(p^\infty):=\lim_{\leftarrow} \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} a+b\phi & b \\ b\delta & a \end{pmatrix}: a,b\in \mathbb{Z}/(p^n) ,\ a^2+ab\phi-\delta b^2\in \left(\mathbb{Z}/(p^n)\right)^*\right\} \subset \mathrm{GL}_2(\mathbb{Z}_p) \] (where \(\delta\) and \(\phi\) are explicit and only depend on \(K\) and \(f\)) or of a normalizer \(\mathcal{N}_{\delta,\phi}(p^\infty)\) of such group, and also provide generators for that image depending on the possible values of \(\left| \mathcal{N}_{\delta,\phi}(p^\infty)/\mathrm{Im}(\rho_{E,p})\right|\).

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