Recurrences and congruences for higher-order geometric polynomials and related numbers (Q2170677)

Geometric polynomials are also termed as Fubini polynomials which is most used in literature. Special polynomials and numbers have significant roles in various branches of mathematics, theoretical physics, and engineering. The problems arising in mathematical physics and engineering are framed in terms of differential equations. Most of these equations can only be treated by using various families of special polynomials which provide new means of mathematical analysis. They are widely used in computational models of scientific and engineering problems. In addition, these special polynomials allow the derivation of different useful identities in a straightforward way and help in introducing new families of special polynomials. The Fubini-type polynomials (or geometric-type polynomials) appear in combinatorial mathematics and play an important role in the theory and applications of mathematics, thus many numbers theory and combinatorics experts have extensively studied their properties and obtained a series of interesting results. These polynomials have been studied from analytic, combinatorial, and number-theoretic points of view. Analytically, they are used in evaluating the geometric series of a special form. Combinatorically, they are related to the total number of preferential arrangements of \(n\) objects, i.e., the number of partitions of an \(n\)-element set into \(k\) nonempty distinguishable subsets. The number-theoretic studies of geometric polynomials mostly originated from their exponential generating function. Also, in the literature, there are numerous studies aimed at the generalization of geometric polynomials. One of the natural extensions of geometric polynomials is the higher-order geometric polynomials. The Fubini-type numbers and polynomials are related to the exponential polynomials and Bernoulli numbers with diverse extensions and have proven to be an effective tools in different topics in combinatorics and analysis. In the related paper, the authors derived new recurrence relations, an explicit formula, and convolution identities for higher-order geometric polynomials. They showed some congruences for higher-order geometric polynomials and, in particular, for p-Bernoulli numbers.