Elliptic quintics on cubic fourfolds, O'Grady 10, and Lagrangian fibrations (Q2172221)

This paper is concerned with the study of the moduli space of semistable objects in the Kuznetsov component of the derived category of a smooth cubic fourfold. The main result is that for a certain choice of stability condition and Mukai vector, such a moduli space admits a resolution which is deformation equivalent to the \(10\)-dimensional O'Grady's manifold. Recall that if \(Y\) is a smooth cubic fourfold, then by a result of Kuznetsov its bounded derived category admits the following semiorthogonal decomposition \[ \mathrm{D}^b(Y)=\langle\mathrm{Ku}(Y),\mathcal{O}_Y,\mathcal{O}_Y(H),\mathcal{O}_Y(2H)\rangle \] where \(H\subset Y\) is an hyperplane. The subcategory \(\mathrm{Ku}(Y)\) is called the Kuznetsov component of \(Y\) and it is a category of \(K3\)-type, in the sense that it has the same Serre functor and Hochschild homology as the derived category of a \(K3\) surface. In analogy to the case of \(K3\) surfaces, one can define the Mukai lattice of \(\mathrm{Ku}(Y)\). The latter carries a weight two Hodge structure induced from the one on the cohomology of \(Y\) so one can consider \(H^*_{\mathrm{alg}}(\mathrm{Ku}(Y),\mathbb{Z})\), the sublattice of integral \((1, 1)\) classes in the Mukai lattice of \(\mathrm{Ku}(Y)\). Towards a generalization of Mukai's construction, Bayer, Lahoz, Macrì and Stellari [\textit{A. Bayer} et al., ``Stability conditions on Kuznetsov components'', Ann. Sci. Ec. Norm. Supér. (to appear)] constructed Bridgeland stability conditions on \(\mathrm{Ku}(Y)\). Furthermore, in collaboration with Nuer and Perry [\textit{A. Bayer} et al., Publ. Math., Inst. Hautes Étud. Sci. 133, 157--325 (2021; Zbl 1481.14033)], they developed the theory of families of stability conditions, which allows studying the properties of moduli spaces of stable objects in \(\mathrm{Ku}(Y)\) by deforming to cubic fourfolds whose Kuznetsov components are equivalent to the derived category of a \(K3\) surface. Fix a vector \(v=2v_0\in H^*_{\mathrm{alg}}(\mathrm{Ku}(Y),\mathbb{Z})\) with \(v_0\) primitive and \(v_0^2=2\), then consider \(M_\tau(v)\) the moduli space of semistable objects with respect to a \(v\)-generic stability condition \(\tau\) on \(\mathrm{Ku}(Y)\), and fixed Mukai vector \(v\). The authors prove in Theorem 1.1 that \(M_\tau(v)\) has a symplectic resolution \(\widetilde{M}\) that is deformation equivalent to the O'Grady's \(10\)-dimesional example. Chapter 3 is dedicated to the proof of Theorem 1.1, giving a local description of \(M_\tau(v)\) and its resolution. The strictly semistable locus of \(M_\tau(v)\) is precisely described, here the autors give the description of an open set of the stable locus (Theorem 1.2). This is done by studying the moduli space of rank \(2\) instanton sheaves on \(Y\) associated to a smooth hyperplane section \(X\subset Y\). Stable rank \(2\) instanton sheaves associated to non-degenerate quintic elliptic curves and smooth conics in \(X\) are \(\sigma\)-stable after projecting to \(\mathrm{Ku}(Y)\), where \(\sigma\) is a stability condition constructed by Bayer, Lahoz, Macrì and Stellari. In addition, these sheaves have Mukai vector \(v= 2\lambda_1+2\lambda_2\), where \(\lambda_1,\lambda_2\) generate an \(A_2\)-lattice in the Mukai lattice of \(\mathrm{Ku}(Y)\). Chapter 4 contains the study of the above instanton sheaves and their projection on \(\mathrm{Ku}(Y)\), while chapter 5 is the most technical part of the article and deals with proving the \(\sigma\)-stability of the considered instantons (see Theorem 5.19). The description of the stable locus given by the authors allows them to show the interplay between \(\widetilde{M}\) and the twisted Jacobian fibration \(J\rightarrow \mathbb{P}_0\) associated to the cubic fourfold \(Y\). The open set \(\mathbb{P}_0\subset (\mathbb{P}^5)^\vee\) parametrizes smooth hyperplane sections, the fibers over those sections are intermediate Jacobians of the corresponding cubic threefolds. The content of Theorem 1.3 is that the moduli space \(\widetilde{M}\) is birational to a hyperkähler manifold with a Lagrangian fibration that compactifies the family \(J\rightarrow \mathbb{P}_0\), this result is achieved in chapter 6. As a further application, the description of the projection of ideal sheaves of elliptic quintics in \(Y\) to the component \(\mathrm{Ku}(Y)\) provides an affermative answer (Proposition 1.5) to a conjecture of Castravet: the maximally rational connected quotient of the connected component of the Hilbert scheme \(\mathrm{Hilb}^{5m}(Y)\) containing elliptic quintics is biratinal to the twisted intermediate Jacobian of \(Y\).