Forwards dynamics of non-autonomous dynamical systems: driving semigroups without backwards uniqueness and structure of the attractor (Q2175700)

This paper is devoted to the study of the asymptotic behavior of solutions of nonautonomous differential equations on the Banach space \(E\): \[ x'=f(t,x)\ (x\in E)\tag{1} \] for which the vector field \(f(t,x)\) is only defined for non-negative times \(t\in \mathbb R_{+}\). Along with equation (1) the authors consider the family of equations (\(H\)-class) \[ y'=g(t,y)\quad (g\in H^{+}(f)),\tag{2} \] where \(H^{+}(f)\) is the closure of the family of all translations \(\{f_{\tau}:\ \tau\in \mathbb R_{+}\}\) and \(f_{\tau}(t,x):=f(t+\tau,x)\). In the space \(Y:=H^{+}(f)\) it is defined a semigroup of translations \((Y,\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\) (shift dynamical system or Bebutov's dynamical system). It is supposed that the dynamical system \((Y,\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\) admits a compact global attractor \(J_{Y}\) (\(J_{Y}\) is a maximal compact invariant set of \((Y,\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\)). If the function \(f\) is regular then for every \(g\in H^{+}(f)\) and \(u\in E\) equation (2) admits a unique solution \(\varphi(t,u,g)\) defined on \(\mathbb R_{+}\). Thus equation (1) defines a cocycle \(\langle E,\varphi,(Y,\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\rangle\) and the skew-product dynamical system \((X,\mathbb R_{+},\pi)\), where \(X:=E\times Y\) and \(\pi:=(\varphi,\sigma)\). If it exists, the compact global attractor \(J_{X}\) of this skew product dynamical system \((X,\mathbb R_{+},\pi)\) can be considered as an attractor of the original nonautonomous system (1). It has the form \[ J_{X} =\bigcup_{y\in J_{Y}} I_{y}\times \{y\} \] and the sections \(I_{y}\) are nonempty compact subsets of \(E\) which are invariant under the cocycle \(\varphi\), i.e., \(\varphi (t, I_{y}, y) = I_{\sigma(t,y)}\) for any \(y\in J_{Y}\) and \(t\in \mathbb R_{+}\). Moreover, the family \(\mathbf{I} = \{I_{y} :\ y\in Y\}\) pullback attracting and is called a pullback attractor. Note that \((J_{Y},\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\) is a semigroup dynamical system induced by \((Y,\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\), where \(J_{Y}\) is a compact and invariant set of \((Y,\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\) and, consequently, from every point \(y\in J_{Y}\) passes at least one entire trajectory of \((Y,\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\). Using this fact the authors consider extensions of equation (1) along trajectories of \((Y,\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\). They establish the relation between the compact global attractor \(J_{X}\) of the skew-product dynamical system generated by (1) and the pullback attractors of the extended equations.