Mathematical modelling for the role of CD\(4^+\)T cells in tumor-immune interactions (Q2176049)

Summary: Mathematical modelling has been used to study tumor-immune cell interaction. Some models were proposed to examine the effect of circulating lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and CD\(8^+\)T cells, but they neglected the role of CD\(4^+\)T cells. Other models were constructed to study the role of CD\(4^+\)T cells but did not consider the role of other immune cells. In this study, we propose a mathematical model, in the form of a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, that predicts the interaction between tumor cells and natural killer cells, CD\(4^+\)T cells, CD\(8^+\)T cells, and circulating lymphocytes with or without immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy. This system is stiff, and the Runge-Kutta method failed to solve it. Consequently, the ``Adams predictor-corrector'' method is used. The results reveal that the patient's immune system can overcome small tumors; however, if the tumor is large, adoptive therapy with CD\(4^+\)T cells can be an alternative to both CD\(8^+\)T cell therapy and cytokines in some cases. Moreover, CD\(4^+\)T cell therapy could replace chemotherapy depending upon tumor size. Even if a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy is necessary, using CD\(4^+\)T cell therapy can better reduce the dose of the associated chemotherapy compared to using combined CD\(8^+\)T cells and cytokine therapy. Stability analysis is performed for the studied patients. It has been found that all equilibrium points are unstable, and a condition for preventing tumor recurrence after treatment has been deduced. Finally, a bifurcation analysis is performed to study the effect of varying system parameters on the stability, and bifurcation points are specified. New equilibrium points are created or demolished at some bifurcation points, and stability is changed at some others. Hence, for systems turning to be stable, tumors can be eradicated without the possibility of recurrence. The proposed mathematical model provides a valuable tool for designing patients' treatment intervention strategies.