New results on slowly varying functions in the Zygmund sense (Q2190477)

A positive and measurable \(g\) is self-neglecting (notation: \(g \in SN\)) if it satisfies \[ \frac{g(x+yg(x))}{g(x)} \to 1, \forall y \in \mathbb{R} \] and locally uniformly in \(y\). A positive and measurable function \(a\) is in the class \(\Gamma _{\alpha} (g)\) if \(g \in SN\) and if \[ \frac{a(x+yg(x))}{a(x)} \to e ^{\alpha y}, \forall y \in \mathbb{R}. \] A positive and measurable function \(U(x)\) is in the class \(Z(g,a)\) if it satisfies: \[ \lim _{x \to \infty} \frac{a(x)}{g(x)}\left(\frac{U(x+yg(x))}{U(x)}-1\right)=0, \forall y \in \mathbb{R}. \] In this paper, the authors extend Senata's characterization of slowly varying functions \(L\) in the Zygmund sense by considering a wider class of functions and a more general condition than for each \(y > 0\), \[ x\left(\frac{L(x+y)}{L(x)}-1 \right) \to 0, \,\,\, x \to \infty. \] Specifically, the authors prove the following theorems. Theorem 1. Assume that \(g \in SN\), \(a \in \Gamma _{0}(g)\) and \(g(x)=o(a(x))\). Let \(y >0\). The inequalities, for \(x\) large and \(\epsilon >0\), \[ U(x+yg(x)) \times \exp \epsilon \int _{x^{o}}^{x+yg(x)} a^{-1}(t)dt \geq U(x) \times \epsilon \int _{x^{o}}^{x} a^{-1}(t)dt \] and \[ U(x+yg(x)) \times \exp -\epsilon \int _{x^{o}}^{x+yg(x)} a^{-1}(t)dt \leq U(x) \times -\epsilon \int _{x^{o}}^{x} a^{-1}(t)dt \] holds if and only if \(U \in Z(g,a)\). Theorem 2. Assume that \(g \in SN\), \(a \in \Gamma _{0}(g)\), \(g(x)=o(a(x))\) and \(g(x) >0\). Assume that \(U \in Z(g,a)\). Then, for some function \(f\) and for \(x \geq A\) for some \(A >0\), \[ U(x)=\exp c + \int_{A}^{x} f(t)dt \] where \(a(x)f(x) \to 0\).