Equidistribution theorems for holomorphic Siegel modular forms for \(\mathrm{GSp}_4\); Hecke fields and \(n\)-level density (Q2193032)

Let \(N\geq 1\) be an integer. If \(\underline{k}=(k_1,k_2)\) where \(k_1\geq k_2\geq 3\) are integers, if \(\chi\colon(\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z})^\times\to\mathbb{C}^\times\) is a central character, we denote by \(S_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)\) the space of holomorphic Siegel cuspidal forms of degree \(2\), level \(\Gamma(N)\), weight \(\underline{k}\) and character \(\chi\). An eigenform of the Hecke operators \(T(p^n)\) for any integer \(n\geq0\) and any prime \(p\nmid N\) is called a Hecke cuspidal eigenform and we denote by \(HE_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)\) a basis of \(S_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)\) whose elements are Hecke cuspidal eigenforms. The relevant definitions are given in the article by the same authors [\textit{H. H. Kim} et al., J. Inst. Math. Jussieu 19, No. 2, 351--419 (2020; Zbl 1470.11108)] of which this article is a continuation. If \(F\) is a Hecke cuspidal eigenform, then its eigenvalue \(\lambda_F(p^n)\) with respect to \(T(p^n)\) is an algebraic integer and the Hecke Field of \(F\) is the finite extension of \(\mathbb{Q}\) defined by \[ \mathbb{Q}_F=\mathbb{Q}\left(\lambda_F(p^n),\chi(p),\chi_2(p) \colon p\nmid N, n\geq 0\right), \] where \(\chi_2\colon(\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z})^\times\to\mathbb{C}^\times\) is a character obtained from \(F\) by the character decomposition of \(S_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)\) (see \S 2.2 in [loc. cit.]). A first goal of the article is to provide information on the size of the degree \([\mathbb{Q}_F\colon\mathbb{Q}]\). A Hecke cuspidal eigenform is genuine if it is neither a CAP form nor an endoscopic lift and if the corresponding automorphic representation is not weakly equivalent to any of a base change lift, an Asai lift, and a symmetric cube lift. Let \(\mathcal{G}_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)\) be the set of genuine forms in \(HE_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)\). Then, its cardinality is \(\#\mathcal{G}_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)=\#HE_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)+O_{\underline{k},\epsilon}(N^{8+\epsilon})\) and \(\#HE_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)=C_{\underline{k}}N^{10}/\phi(N)\) for some real number \(C_{\underline{k}}\) depending only on \(\underline{k}\). The first result establishes that, provided that the level \(N\) is large enough, the degrees of the Hecke Fields are not bounded on genuine forms. More precisely, given a prime number \(p\) and a weight \(\underline{k}\), the limit superior of the degrees \([\mathbb{Q}_F\colon\mathbb{Q}]\) for \(F\) in \(\mathcal{G}_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)\) is infinite when \(N\) tends to infinity among integers whose prime divisors have all order at least \(4\) and that are coprime to \(p\) and \(11 !\). In a second result on the degree of a Hecke field, the authors prove that most of the Hecke fields have a large degree. Given a prime number \(p\), a weight \(\underline{k}\) and a constant \(A\) the number of Hecke cuspidal eigenform \(F\) in \(HE_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)\) whose degree of the Hecke field is bounded by \(A\) is negligible: \[ \lim_N\frac{1}{\#HE_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)}\#\left\{F\in HE_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi) \colon [\mathbb{Q}_F\colon\mathbb{Q}]\leq A\right\}=0 \] as \(N\) tends to infinity among sequences of integers satisfying one of the two following conditions: \begin{itemize} \item Condition 1: either the prime divisors of the elements \(N\) of the sequence have all order at least \(4\) and \(N\) is coprime to \(p\); \item Condition 2: \(p\) divides all the elements \(N\) of the sequences with an order that tends to infinity with \(N\). \end{itemize} This is an extension in the Siegel forms case of a result by Serre in the classical modular forms case (see Théorème~5 in [\textit{J.-P. Serre}, J. Am. Math. Soc. 10, No. 1, 75--102 (1997; Zbl 0871.11032)]). An explicit version of the first result is also proven: as \(N\) tends to infinity being coprime with \(11!\), the degrees of the Hecke fields of genuine forms in \(\mathcal{G}_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)\) is at least \(\sqrt{\log\log N}\) if condition~1 is satisfied and \((\log N)^{1/4}\) if condition~2 is satisfied. An analogue in the classical modular forms case was proven in [\textit{E. Royer}, Bull. Soc. Math. Fr. 128, No. 2, 219--248 (2000; Zbl 0968.11027)] (see Théorème~1.1) and improved by Billerey \& Menares in the case of prime level \(p\) such that the greatest prime divisor of \(p-1\) is at least \(p^{1/4}\) (see Theorem~2 in [\textit{N. Billerey} and \textit{R. Menares}, Math. Res. Lett. 23, No. 1, 15--41 (2016; Zbl 1417.11094)]). A second goal of the article is to prove the simultaneous Sato-Tate theorem, both in the level and weight aspects. Let \(HE_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)^{\text{tm}}\) be the set of Hecke cuspidal eigenforms in \(HE_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)\) whose associated representations \(\pi_{F,p}\) are tempered for any \(p\nmid N\). Let \(F\in E_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)^{\text{tm}}\). From the Satake parameters of \(\pi_{F,p}\), one constructs two real numbers \(a_{F,p}\) and \(b_{F,p}\) lying in \([-2,2]\) and such that \(\lambda_F(p)=a_F(p)+b_F(p)\). Given prime numbers \(p_1,\dotsc,p_r\), the authors prove the asymptotic equidistribution with respect to an explicit measure (deduced from the Sato-Tate measure) of \(\left((a_{F,p_1},b_{F,p_1}),\dotsc,(a_{F,p_r},b_{F,p_r})\right))\) when \(F\) runs over \(HE_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)^{\text{tm}}\) and \(N\) or \(\underline{k}\) tends to infinity. Given a prime number \(p\), let \[ f_p(x,y)=\frac{(p+1)^2}{\left((p^{1/2}+p^{-1/2})^2-x^2\right)\left((p^{1/2}+p^{-1/2})^2-y^2\right)}, \] \[ g_p^\pm(x,y)=\frac{p+1}{(p^{1/2}+p^{-1/2})^2-2\left(1+\frac{xy}{4}\pm\sqrt{1-\frac{x^2}{4}}\sqrt{1-\frac{y^2}{4}}\right)} \] and \[ \mu_\infty^{\text{ST}}=\frac{(x-y)^2}{\pi^2}\sqrt{1-\frac{x^2}{4}}\sqrt{1-\frac{y^2}{4}}. \] Finally, let \(\mu_p=f_pg_p^-g_p^+\mu_\infty^{\text{ST}}\). Then, for any continuous function \(f\), the difference between \[ \frac{1}{\#HE_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)^{\text{tm}}}\sum_{F\in HE_{\underline{k}}(N,\chi)^{\text{tm}}}f\left((a_{F,p_1},b_{F,p_1}),\dotsc,(a_{F,p_r},b_{F,p_r})\right)) \] and \[ \int_{([-2,2]/\mathfrak{S}_2)^r}f\left((x_1,y_1),\dotsc,(x_r,y_r)\right)d\mu_{p_1}\dots d\mu_{p_r} \] is \(O\left((p_1\dotsc p_r)^a\phi(N)N^{-2}\right)\) if \(\underline{k}\) is fixed (level aspect) and \[ O\left(\frac{(p_1\dotsc p_r)^b}{(k_1-k_2+1)(k_1-1)(k_2-2)}+\frac{(p_1\dotsc p_r)^c}{(k_1-k_2+1)(k_1+k_2-3)}\right) \] if \(N\) is fixed and \(\underline{k}\) tends to infinity (weight aspect), for some constants \(a,b,c>0\). An analogue in the classical modular forms case was proven in [\textit{P. Sarnak}, Statistical properties of eigenvalues of the Hecke operators. Analytic number theory and diophantine problems, Proc. Conf., Stillwater/Okla. 1984, Prog. Math. 70, 321-331 (1987; Zbl 0628.10028)] (Theorem~1.2) and [\textit{J.-P. Serre}, J. Am. Math. Soc. 10, No. 1, 75--102 (1997; Zbl 0871.11032)] (Théorème 3). A third part establishes a trace formula for the degree \(4\) spinor \(L\)-functions of Hecke cuspidal eigenforms, again both in weight and level aspects. From this formula, the authors can compute the \(n\)-level density functions for the zeros of these \(L\)-functions and then deduce the symmetry types of families of degree \(4\) \(L\)-functions of Hecke cuspidal eigenforms. Let \(F\) be a Hecke cuspidal eigenform in \(HE_{\underline{k}}(N)=HE_{\underline{k}}(N,1)\) and \(L(s,\pi_F,\operatorname{Spin})\) its degree \(4\) spinor \(L\)-function. If \(q(F)\) is the conductor of \(F\) (its size is between \(N\) and \(N^4\)) and \(\varepsilon(F)\in\{\pm1\}\) is the sign of the functional equation, then \[ \Lambda(s,\pi_F,\operatorname{Spin})=q(F)^{s/2}\Gamma_{\mathbb{C}}\left(s+\frac{k_1+k_2-3}{2}\right)\Gamma_{\mathbb{C}}\left(s+\frac{k_1-k_2+1}{2}\right)L(s,\pi_F,\operatorname{Spin}) \] satisfies the functional equation \(\Lambda(s,\pi_F,\operatorname{Spin})=\varepsilon(F)\Lambda(1-s,\pi_F,\operatorname{Spin})\). The spinor \(L\)-function admits an Euler product and Dirichlet expansion \[ L(s,\pi_F,\operatorname{Spin})=\prod_{\text{\(p\) prime}}\left(\left(1-p^{-2s-1}\right)^{-1}\sum_{\nu=0}^{+\infty}p^{-\nu(k_1+k_2-3)/2}\lambda_F(p^{\nu})p^{-\nu s}\right)=\sum_{n=1}^{+\infty}\widetilde{\lambda_F}(n)n^{-s}. \] A trace formula is established, or in other words, an asymptotic formula for \[ \mathbb{E}\left(\widetilde{\lambda}(m)\right)=\frac{1}{\# HE_{\underline{k}}(N)}\sum_{F\in HE_{\underline{k}}(N)}\widetilde{\lambda_F}(m). \] The main term is \[ \mathcal{M}(m)=\begin{dcases} 0 & \text{if \(m\) is not the square of an integer}\\ m^{-1/2}\prod_{p\mid m}\left(1+\sum_{\nu=1}^{v_p(m)/2}p^{-2\nu}\right) & \text{otherwise} \end{dcases} \] and there are constants \(c\) and \(d\) such that the error term \(\mathbb{E}\left(\widetilde{\lambda}(m)\right)-\mathcal{M}(m)\) is \(O(N^{-2}m^c)\) if \(\underline{k}\) is fixed and \(N\) tends to infinity (level aspect) and \[ O\left(\frac{m^c}{(k_1-1)(k_2-2)}+\frac{m^d}{(k_1-k_2+1)(k_1+k_2-3)}\right) \] if \(N\) is fixed and \(\underline{k}\) tends to infinity (weight aspect). An analogue in the classical modular forms case is obtained from the Eichler-Selberg trace formula (see Proposition~4 in [\textit{J.-P. Serre}, J. Am. Math. Soc. 10, No. 1, 75--102 (1997; Zbl 0871.11032)]). By standard methods, the authors derive from the trace formula the level \(n\) densities of the zeros of the spinor \(L\) functions. For any \(i\in\{1,\dotsc,n\}\), let \(\phi_i\) be an even Schwartz function whose Fourier transform has compact support in \((-\beta_n,\beta_n)\) for some \(\beta_n\in(0,1)\). The level \(n\) density function for (the normalised zeros of) \(L(s,\pi_F,\operatorname{Spin})\) is \[ D^{(n)}(\pi_F,\underline{\phi},\operatorname{Spin})=\sum_{j_1,\dotsc,j_n}\prod_{\ell=1}^n\phi_\ell\left(\gamma_{j_\ell}\frac{\log c_{\underline{k},N}}{2\pi}\right). \] The summation set for any \(j_\ell\) is \(\mathbb{Z}\) if the root number of \(F\) is \(-1\) and \(\mathbb{Z}\setminus\{0\}\) if it is \(1\) and in both case, we require that \(j_a\neq\pm j_b\) if \(a\neq b\). The non trivial zeros of \(L(s,\pi_F,\operatorname{Spin})\) are \(1/2+i\gamma_j\) for some \(\gamma_j\in\mathbb{C}\). Finally, \(c_{\underline{k},N}\) is defined by \[ \log c_{\underline{k},N}=\frac{1}{\# HE_{\underline{k}}(N)}\sum_{F\in HE_{\underline{k}}(N)}\log\left((k_1+k_2)^2(k_1-k_2+1)^2q(F)\right). \] Could we compute the one level density for \(\beta_1>1\), we could derive the symmetry type for \(L(s,\pi_F,\operatorname{Spin})\). Here, \(\beta_1<1\) and hence, the level \(n\) density is needed for \(n>1\) (see [\textit{M. Rubinstein}, Duke Math. J. 109, No. 1, 147--181 (2001; Zbl 1014.11050)]). If the level \(N\) is \(1\), the author prove that \[ \frac{1}{\# HE_{\underline{k}}(1)}\sum_{F\in HE_{\underline{k}}(1)}D^{(n)}(\pi_F,\underline{\phi},\operatorname{Spin})=\int_{\mathbb{R}^n}\phi(x)W_n\left(\operatorname{SO}(\text{parity})\right) dx+O\left(\frac{1}{\log(c_{\underline{k},1})}\right). \] The density functions have been obtained by Katz \& Sarnak in [\textit{N. M. Katz} and \textit{P. Sarnak}, Random matrices, Frobenius eigenvalues, and monodromy. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (1999; Zbl 0958.11004)]. Let \(K_\pm(x,y)=\operatorname{sinc}\pi(x-y)\pm\operatorname{sinc}\pi(x+y)\). Then, \[ W_n\left(\operatorname{SO}(\text{even})\right)(x)=\det\left(K_{+}(x_j,x_k)\right)_{1\leq j,k\leq n} \] and \[ W_n\left(\operatorname{SO}(\text{odd})\right)(x)=\det\left(K_{-}(x_j,x_k)\right)_{1\leq j,k\leq n}+\sum_{\substack{\nu=1\\ x_\nu=0}}^n\det\left(K_{-}(x_j,x_k)\right)_{\substack{1\leq j,k\leq n\\ j\neq\nu,\, k\neq\nu}}. \] If the level is \(N\) is \(1\), the symmetry of the families of degree \(4\) spinor \(L\)-functions of Hecke cuspidal eigenforms is \(\operatorname{SO}(\text{even})\) or \(\operatorname{SO}(\text{odd})\) according to \(k_2\) is even or odd. The same result is proven by the authors for general level \(N>1\) with an error term \(O\left(\frac{\omega(N)}{\log(c_{\underline{k},N})}\right)\), but only assuming a conjecture on the validity of the trace formula when the summation over Hecke cuspidal eigenforms is restricted to forms of fixed sign of the functional equation. In the case of classical modular forms, this conjecture is true as a consequence of an expression of the sign of the functional equation in terms of Hecke eigenvalues and a multiplicativity relation between these coefficients. The analogous determination of the symmetry types of \(L\)-functions in the classical modular forms case has been given by Iwaniec, Luo \& Sarnak in [\textit{H. Iwaniec} et al., Publ. Math., Inst. Hautes Étud. Sci. 91, 55--131 (2000; Zbl 1012.11041)]. Again, conjecturally to the validity of a suitable trace formula, the authors show that the symmetry type of the degree \(5\) standard \(L\) functions of a Hecke cuspidal eigenforms is \(\operatorname{Sp}\). Finally, they prove equidistribution results on paramodular forms and deduce the density of level \(n\) for spinor \(L\)-functions of paramodular forms in the weight aspect.