On the parabolic Harnack inequality for non-local diffusion equations (Q2193068)

In this very interesting paper the authors exhibit a counter-example for dimensions \(d \geq \beta\), where \(\beta \in(0, 2]\) is the order of the equation with respect to the spatial variable. The equation can be non-local both in time and in space but for the counter-example it is important that the equation has a fractional time derivative. In this case, the fundamental solution is singular at the origin for all times \(t > 0\). This fact shows the big difference between time-fractional diffusion and the purely space-fractional case, where a local Harnack inequality holds. The key observation is that the memory strongly affects the estimates. The authors shows also that if the initial data \(u_0 \in L^q_{\mathrm{loc}}\) for \(q\) larger than the critical value \(\frac{d}{\beta}\) of the elliptic operator \((-\Delta)^{\frac{\beta}{2}}\), a non-local version of the Harnack inequality still holds. Lastly the authors prove that the diffusion behavior is substantially different in higher dimensions than \(d = 1\) provided \(\beta > 1\), since the local Harnack inequality holds if \(d<\beta\).