On the fibres of Mishchenko-Fomenko systems (Q2205217)

Summary: This work is concerned with Mishchenko and Fomenko's celebrated theory of completely integrable systems on a complex semisimple Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{g}\). Their theory associates a maximal Poisson-commutative subalgebra of \(\mathbb{C}[\mathfrak{g}]\) to each regular element \(a\in\mathfrak{g}\), and one can assemble free generators of this subalgebra into a moment map \(F_a:\mathfrak{g}\rightarrow\mathbb{C}^b\). This leads one to pose basic structural questions about \(F_a\) and its fibres, e.g. questions concerning the singular points and irreducible components of such fibres. We examine the structure of fibres in Mishchenko-Fomenko systems, building on the foundation laid by Bolsinov, Charbonnel-Moreau, Moreau, and others. This includes proving that the critical values of \(F_a\) have codimension \(1\) or \(2\) in \(\mathbb{C}^b\), and that each codimension is achievable in examples. Our results on singularities make use of a subalgebra \(\mathfrak{b}^a\subseteq\mathfrak{g} \), defined to be the intersection of all Borel subalgebras of \(\mathfrak{g}\) containing \(a\). In the case of a non-nilpotent \(a\in\mathfrak{g}_{\mathrm{reg}}\) and an element \(x\in\mathfrak{b}^a\), we prove the following: \(x+[\mathfrak{b}^a,\mathfrak{b}^a]\) lies in the singular locus of \(F_a^{-1}(F_a(x))\), and the fibres through points in \(\mathfrak{b}^a\) form a \(\text{rank}(\mathfrak{g})\)-dimensional family of singular fibres. We next consider the irreducible components of our fibres, giving a systematic way to construct many components via Mishchenko-Fomenko systems on Levi subalgebras \(\mathfrak{l}\subseteq\mathfrak{g}\). In addition, we obtain concrete results on irreducible components that do not arise from the aforementioned construction. Our final main result is a recursive formula for the number of irreducible components in \(F_a^{-1}(0)\), and it generalizes a result of Charbonnel-Moreau. Illustrative examples are included at the end of this paper.