On the measure of KAM tori in two degrees of freedom (Q2211117)

This paper is devoted to the following conjecture of \textit{V. I. Arnold} et al. [Mathematical aspects of classical and celestial mechanics. Transl. from the Russian by E. Khukhro. 3rd revised ed. Berlin: Springer (2006; Zbl 1105.70002)]: ``It is natural to expect that in a generic (analytic) system with two degrees of freedom and with frequencies that do not vanish simultaneously the total measure of the `non-torus' set corresponding to all the resonances is exponentially small.'' The authors of this paper investigate real analytic nearly-integrable systems with two degrees of freedom, and look specifically at Hamiltonians of the form (in action-angle coordinates): \[H_\epsilon (y,x) = \frac{y_1^2 + y_2^2}{2} + \epsilon f(x_1,x_2),\] where \(y = (y_1, y_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2\) and \(x = (x_1, x_2) \in \mathbb{T}^2\), \(f: \mathbb{T}^2 \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) is real-analytic and \(\epsilon \ge 0\) is a small parameter. The phase space \(\mathbb{R}^2 \times \mathbb{T}^2\) carries the standard symplectic form and the flow \(\Phi^t_{H_\epsilon}\) induced by \(H_\epsilon\) is a solution of the Hamiltonian equations \(\dot{y} = - \partial_x H_\epsilon = -\epsilon f_x\), and \(\dot{x} = \partial_y H_\epsilon = y + \epsilon f_y\). The system is integrable when \(\epsilon = 0\). The integrals of motion are the action variables \(y_1\) and \(y_2\), and the trajectories are \(y(t) = y_0\) and \(x(t) = x_0 + \omega t\), where \(\omega\) is the frequency corresponding to \(y_0\). The 2-tori \(\{y_0\} \times \mathbb{T}^2\) are invariant under the Hamiltonian flow. According to KAM theory most integrable tori \(\{y_0\} \times \mathbb{T}^2\) persist for small \(\epsilon\). The authors focus on the non-torus set of analytic systems with two degrees of freedom. They consider the Banach space \(\mathbb{B}^2_s\) of real analytic functions on the torus \(\mathbb{T}^2_s\) consisting of \(x = (x_1, x_2) \in \mathbb{C}^2\) for which the absolute value of the imaginary parts of \(x_1\) and \(x_2\) are less than \(s\). The space \(\mathbb{B}^2_s\) consists of real analytic functions on \(\mathbb{T}^2_s\) having zero-average and finite \(l^\infty\) norm. The main result is as follows. For \(s > 0\) there is a set \(\mathcal{P}_s \in \mathbb{B}^2_s\) containing an open and dense set so that the following conditions hold: for fixed \(r\) and \(R\) with \(0 < r < R\), take \(D = \{y \in \mathbb{R}^2 : r \le |y| \le R\}\) and consider the Hamiltonian system with phase space \(D \times \mathbb{T}^2\) and Hamiltonian \(H_\epsilon\) (as described above) with potential \(f \in \mathcal{P}_s\). Then there exist \(\epsilon_0\) and \(a > 0\) small enough so that if \(0 < \epsilon < \epsilon_0\), the Liouville measure of the complementary set of the \(\Phi^t_{H_\epsilon}\)-invariant tori in the phase region \(D\) is smaller than \(R^2 e^{-k/ \epsilon^a}\) where \(k > 0\) is a constant. A sketch of the proof is provided, but a detailed proof is deferred to a later paper.