Tannakian categories in positive characteristic (Q2217895)

For a field \({\Bbbk}\), a tensor category over \({\Bbbk}\) is a \({\Bbbk}\)-linear abelian rigid symmetric monoidal category where the endomorphism algebra of the tensor unit is \({\Bbbk}\). If the field \({\Bbbk}\) is algebraically closed field of characteristic zero P. Deligne proved that \(\mathbf{T}\) is equivalent to \(\mathrm{Rep }G\) for some affine group scheme \(G/{\Bbbk}\) if, and only if, for each \(X\in\mathbf{T}\) there exists \(n\in\mathbb{N}\) such that \(\Lambda^nX=0\), where the exterior power \(\Lambda^nX\) is the image of the anti-symmetriser \(\sum_{\sigma\in{\mathsf{S}}_n}(-1)^{|\sigma|}\sigma:\otimes^nX\to \otimes^nX\). It is known that the previous statement does not hold true for fields of positive characteristic and the main motivation of this paper is to obtain a similar characterization in the representation categories for tensor categories over a field of characteristic \(p>0\). In this context, in the paper over review, we can find the following results: Let \({\Bbbk}\) be an algebraically closed field of positive characteristic and \(\mathbf{T}\) a tensor category over \({\Bbbk}\), then as a tensor category, \(\mathbf{T}\) is equivalent to \(\mathrm{Rep }G\) for some affine group scheme \(G/{\Bbbk}\) if, and only if, for each \(X\in\mathbf{T}\) there exists \(n\in \mathbb{N}\) such that \(\Lambda^nX=0\) and \(\Lambda^nX=0\) when \(\Lambda^n\mathtt{Fr}_+^{(j)}(X)=0\), for \(j,n\in\mathbb{N}\) (for \(j\in\mathbb{N}\), the object \(\mathtt{Fr}_+^{(j)}X\) in \(\mathbf{T}\) is defined as the image of the composite morphism \(\Gamma^{p^j}X\;\hookrightarrow\;\otimes^{p^j}X\;\twoheadrightarrow\; \mathrm{Sym}^{p^j}X\)). If \(j=1\), the assignment \(X\mapsto \mathtt{Fr}_+^{(1)}X\) actually yields an additive functor \(\mathtt{Fr}_+:\mathbf{T}\to\mathbf{T}\) and then, under the previous conditions, the following assertions are equivalent: (1) The functor \(\mathtt{Fr}_+:\mathbf{T}\to\mathbf{T}\) is exact. (2) For each filtered object \(X\in\mathbf{T}\), the canonical epimorphism \(\mathrm{Sym}^\bullet ({\mathrm{gr}} X)\twoheadrightarrow {\mathrm{gr}} (\mathrm{Sym}^\bullet X)\) is an isomorphism. (3) For each monomorphism \(\mathbf{1}\hookrightarrow X\), the induced morphism \(\mathbf{1}\to\mathrm{Sym}^pX\) is non-zero. (4) There exists an abelian \({\Bbbk}\)-linear symmetric monoidal category \(\mathbf{C}\) and an exact \({\Bbbk}\)-linear symmetric monoidal functor \(F:\mathbf{T}\to\mathbf{C}\) which splits every short exact sequence in \(\mathbf{T}\). As a consequence, the author proves in Theorem 6.1.1 that the following conditions are equivalent: (1) \(\mathbf{T}\) is Tannakian. (2) For every \(X\) in \(\mathbf{T}\), \(\hspace{1cm}\) (2.1) there exists \(n\in \mathbb{N}\) such that \(\Lambda^nX=0\); \(\hspace{1cm}\) (2.2) if \(\Lambda^n\mathtt{Fr}^{(j)}_+(X)=0\) for some \(j,n\in\mathbb{N}\), then also \(\Lambda^nX=0\). (3) Every \(X\) in \(\mathbf{T}\) is locally free. Also, the author obtains in Theorem 6.4.1 that, if \({\Bbbk}=\overline{{\Bbbk}}\), any (super) Tannakian category is neutral. Moreover, any two tensor functors to \(\mathbf{vec}\) or \(\mathbf{svec}\) from a fixed tensor category are isomorphic. On the other hand, in Theorem 3.2.2 we can find a characterization of locally semisimple tensor categories in the following way: A tensor category \(\mathbf{T}\) is locally semisimple if, and only if, one of the following equivalent properties is true. (1) For every short exact sequence \(\Sigma\) in \(\mathbf{T}\), the epimorphism \(\theta_{\Sigma}\) (see 3.1.2 for the definition) is an isomorphism. (2) For every \(X\in\mathbf{T}\), \(n\in\mathbb{N}\) and non-zero \(\alpha\in\mathrm{Hom}(\mathbf{1},X)\), the morphism \(\alpha^n\) is non-zero. (3) For every short exact sequence \(\Sigma\) in \(\mathbf{T}\) there exists a non-zero \(\mathscr{A}=\mathscr{A}_\Sigma\) in \(\mathrm{Alg}\mathbf{T}\) such that \(\mathscr{A}\otimes \Sigma\) splits in \(\mathrm{Mod}_{\mathscr{A}}\). (4) There exists non-zero \(\mathscr{A}\in\mathrm{Alg}\mathbf{T}\) such that for every short exact sequence \(\Sigma\) in \(\mathbf{T}\), the sequence \(\mathscr{A}\otimes\Sigma\) splits in \(\mathrm{Mod}_{\mathscr{A}}\). Finally, in positive characteristic we have that (see Theorem 3.2.4) a tensor category \(\mathbf{T}\) over a field \({\Bbbk}\) with \(p:=\mathrm{char}({\Bbbk})>0\) is locally semisimple if, and only if, for each non-zero \(\alpha:\mathbf{1}\to X\) in \(\mathbf{T}\), the morphism \(\alpha^p:\mathbf{1}\to\mathrm{Sym}^pX\) is non-zero.