Tannakian categories in positive characteristic

DOI10.1215/00127094-2020-0026MaRDI QIDQ2217895zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 12 January 2021

Published in Duke Mathematical Journal (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.02452, https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.dmj/1601539214

categories of representantions of affine groups super-Tannakian category Tannakian category tensor category

Group schemes (14L15) Module categories in associative algebras (16D90) Hopf algebras and their applications (16T05) Monoidal categories, symmetric monoidal categories (18M05) Group rings of finite groups and their modules (group-theoretic aspects) (20C05)

Abstract: We determine internal characterisations for when a tensor category is (super) tannakian, for fields of positive characteristic. This generalises the corresponding characterisations in characteristic zero by P. Deligne. We also explore notions of Frobenius twists in tensor categories in positive characteristic.

Review text

For a field \({\Bbbk}\), a tensor category over \({\Bbbk}\) is a \({\Bbbk}\)-linear abelian rigid symmetric monoidal category where the endomorphism algebra of the tensor unit is \({\Bbbk}\). If the field \({\Bbbk}\) is algebraically closed field of characteristic zero P. Deligne proved that \(\mathbf{T}\) is equivalent to \(\mathrm{Rep }G\) for some affine group scheme \(G/{\Bbbk}\) if, and only if, for each \(X\in\mathbf{T}\) there exists \(n\in\mathbb{N}\) such that \(\Lambda^nX=0\), where the exterior power \(\Lambda^nX\) is the image of the anti-symmetriser \(\sum_{\sigma\in{\mathsf{S}}_n}(-1)^{|\sigma|}\sigma:\otimes^nX\to \otimes^nX\). It is known that the previous statement does not hold true for fields of positive characteristic and the main motivation of this paper is to obtain a similar characterization in the representation categories for tensor categories over a field of characteristic \(p>0\). In this context, in the paper over review, we can find the following results: Let \({\Bbbk}\) be an algebraically closed field of positive characteristic and \(\mathbf{T}\) a tensor category over \({\Bbbk}\), then as a tensor category, \(\mathbf{T}\) is equivalent to \(\mathrm{Rep }G\) for some affine group scheme \(G/{\Bbbk}\) if, and only if, for each \(X\in\mathbf{T}\) there exists \(n\in \mathbb{N}\) such that \(\Lambda^nX=0\) and \(\Lambda^nX=0\) when \(\Lambda^n\mathtt{Fr}_+^{(j)}(X)=0\), for \(j,n\in\mathbb{N}\) (for \(j\in\mathbb{N}\), the object \(\mathtt{Fr}_+^{(j)}X\) in \(\mathbf{T}\) is defined as the image of the composite morphism \(\Gamma^{p^j}X\;\hookrightarrow\;\otimes^{p^j}X\;\twoheadrightarrow\; \mathrm{Sym}^{p^j}X\)). If \(j=1\), the assignment \(X\mapsto \mathtt{Fr}_+^{(1)}X\) actually yields an additive functor \(\mathtt{Fr}_+:\mathbf{T}\to\mathbf{T}\) and then, under the previous conditions, the following assertions are equivalent: (1) The functor \(\mathtt{Fr}_+:\mathbf{T}\to\mathbf{T}\) is exact. (2) For each filtered object \(X\in\mathbf{T}\), the canonical epimorphism \(\mathrm{Sym}^\bullet ({\mathrm{gr}} X)\twoheadrightarrow {\mathrm{gr}} (\mathrm{Sym}^\bullet X)\) is an isomorphism. (3) For each monomorphism \(\mathbf{1}\hookrightarrow X\), the induced morphism \(\mathbf{1}\to\mathrm{Sym}^pX\) is non-zero. (4) There exists an abelian \({\Bbbk}\)-linear symmetric monoidal category \(\mathbf{C}\) and an exact \({\Bbbk}\)-linear symmetric monoidal functor \(F:\mathbf{T}\to\mathbf{C}\) which splits every short exact sequence in \(\mathbf{T}\). As a consequence, the author proves in Theorem 6.1.1 that the following conditions are equivalent: (1) \(\mathbf{T}\) is Tannakian. (2) For every \(X\) in \(\mathbf{T}\), \(\hspace{1cm}\) (2.1) there exists \(n\in \mathbb{N}\) such that \(\Lambda^nX=0\); \(\hspace{1cm}\) (2.2) if \(\Lambda^n\mathtt{Fr}^{(j)}_+(X)=0\) for some \(j,n\in\mathbb{N}\), then also \(\Lambda^nX=0\). (3) Every \(X\) in \(\mathbf{T}\) is locally free. Also, the author obtains in Theorem 6.4.1 that, if \({\Bbbk}=\overline{{\Bbbk}}\), any (super) Tannakian category is neutral. Moreover, any two tensor functors to \(\mathbf{vec}\) or \(\mathbf{svec}\) from a fixed tensor category are isomorphic. On the other hand, in Theorem 3.2.2 we can find a characterization of locally semisimple tensor categories in the following way: A tensor category \(\mathbf{T}\) is locally semisimple if, and only if, one of the following equivalent properties is true. (1) For every short exact sequence \(\Sigma\) in \(\mathbf{T}\), the epimorphism \(\theta_{\Sigma}\) (see 3.1.2 for the definition) is an isomorphism. (2) For every \(X\in\mathbf{T}\), \(n\in\mathbb{N}\) and non-zero \(\alpha\in\mathrm{Hom}(\mathbf{1},X)\), the morphism \(\alpha^n\) is non-zero. (3) For every short exact sequence \(\Sigma\) in \(\mathbf{T}\) there exists a non-zero \(\mathscr{A}=\mathscr{A}_\Sigma\) in \(\mathrm{Alg}\mathbf{T}\) such that \(\mathscr{A}\otimes \Sigma\) splits in \(\mathrm{Mod}_{\mathscr{A}}\). (4) There exists non-zero \(\mathscr{A}\in\mathrm{Alg}\mathbf{T}\) such that for every short exact sequence \(\Sigma\) in \(\mathbf{T}\), the sequence \(\mathscr{A}\otimes\Sigma\) splits in \(\mathrm{Mod}_{\mathscr{A}}\). Finally, in positive characteristic we have that (see Theorem 3.2.4) a tensor category \(\mathbf{T}\) over a field \({\Bbbk}\) with \(p:=\mathrm{char}({\Bbbk})>0\) is locally semisimple if, and only if, for each non-zero \(\alpha:\mathbf{1}\to X\) in \(\mathbf{T}\), the morphism \(\alpha^p:\mathbf{1}\to\mathrm{Sym}^pX\) is non-zero.

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