Supercritical Poincaré-Andronov-Hopf bifurcation in a mean-field quantum laser equation (Q2223548)

The authors rigorously prove the existence of supercritical Poincaré-Andronov-Hopf bifurcation at the level of density operators in a quantum laser model. They also investigate several dynamical properties of the solutions of the laser equation described by the Gorini-Kosakovsky-Sudarshan-Lindblad system: \[ \begin{array}{c} \frac{d}{dt}{{\rho}_{t}} = - i\left[\mathcal{H}({{\rho}_{t}}), {{\rho}_{t}}\right] + \kappa \left (2a {{\rho}_ {t}}{{a}^{\dagger}} - {{a}^{\dagger}} a {{\rho}_{t}} - {{\rho}_{t}} {{a}^{\dagger}} a \right) + \\ + \frac {\kappa _{-}}{2} \left (2{{\sigma}^{-}}{{\rho }_{t}} {{\sigma}^{+}} - {{\sigma}^{+}}{{\sigma}^{-}}{{\rho}_{t}} - {{\rho}_{t}} {{\sigma}^{+}}{{\sigma}^{-}}\right)+\\ \frac{{{\kappa}_ {+}}}{2 } \left(2 {{\sigma}^{+}}{{\rho}_{t}}{{\sigma}^{-}} - {{\sigma}^{-}}{{\sigma}^{+}}{{\rho}_{t}} - {{\rho}_{t}}{{\sigma}^{-}}{{\sigma}^{+}}\right), \\ \end{array} \] with the mean-field Hamiltonian \( \mathcal{H} ({{\rho}_t}) \). The authors point out qualitative changes in the dynamics when the resonator cooperative parameter \[ C_ {b} = \frac {2g ^ 2 (\kappa_+ - \kappa_-)} {\kappa (\kappa_ {+} + {\kappa} _ {-})^{2}} \] goes through the value 1. If \( C_{b} <1 \), any regular solution is global asymptotically stable equilibrium. Locally an exponentially stable limit cycle arises in a regular stationary state when \( C_{b} \) passes through the critical value \(1\). A rigorous mathematical proof of the supercritical Poincaré-Andronov-Hopf bifurcations for \(C_{b} = 1\) is given. The authors develop a new method, based on probability theory and theory of semigroups, to prove the exponential convergence of a quantum state as \(t\to +\infty\). Finally, the long-term behavior of the statistics of the number of photons, the quantum variance of quadratures and the von Neumann entropy are investigated.