Supercritical Poincaré-Andronov-Hopf bifurcation in a mean-field quantum laser equation

DOI10.1007/S00023-020-00966-6MaRDI QIDQ2223548zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 29 January 2021

Published in Annales Henri Poincaré (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.00875

Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad equation mean-field Hamiltonian theory meanfield approximation

Dynamical aspects of statistical mechanics (37A60) General theory of infinite-dimensional dissipative dynamical systems, nonlinear semigroups, evolution equations (37L05) Normal forms, center manifold theory, bifurcation theory for infinite-dimensional dissipative dynamical systems (37L10) Stability problems for infinite-dimensional dissipative dynamical systems (37L15) Dynamical systems in other branches of physics (quantum mechanics, general relativity, laser physics) (37N20) Perturbation theory of linear operators (47A55) Applications of stochastic analysis (to PDEs, etc.) (60H30) Open systems, reduced dynamics, master equations, decoherence (81S22) Quantum dynamics and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics (general) (82C10)

Abstract: We deal with the dynamical system properties of a Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad (GKSL) equation with mean-field Hamiltonian that models a simple laser by applying a mean field approximation to a quantum system describing a single-mode optical cavity and a set of two level atoms, each coupled to a reservoir. We prove that the mean field quantum master equation has a unique regular stationary solution. In case a relevant parameter

C_{m} a t h f r a k b

, i.e., the cavity cooperative parameter, is less than

1

, we prove that any regular solution converges exponentially fast to the equilibrium, and so the regular stationary state is a globally asymptotically stable equilibrium solution. We obtain that a locally exponential stable limit cycle is born at the regular stationary state as

C_{m} a t h f r a k b

passes through the critical value

1

. Then, the mean-field laser equation has a Poincar'e-Andronov-Hopf bifurcation at

C_{m} a t h f r a k b = 1

of supercritical-like type. Namely, we derive rigorously, at the level of density matrices --for the first time--, the transition from a global attractor quantum state, where the light is not emitted, to a locally stable set of coherent quantum states producing coherent light. Moreover, we establish the local exponential stability of the limit cycle in case a relevant parameter is between the first and second laser thresholds appearing in the semiclassical laser theory. Thus, we get that the coherent laser light persists over time under this condition. In order to prove the exponential convergence of the quantum state, we develop a new technique for proving the exponential convergence in open quantum systems that is based in a new variation of constant formula. Applying our main results we find the long-time behavior of the von Neumann entropy, the photon-number statistics, and the quantum variance of the quadratures.

Review text

The authors rigorously prove the existence of supercritical Poincaré-Andronov-Hopf bifurcation at the level of density operators in a quantum laser model. They also investigate several dynamical properties of the solutions of the laser equation described by the Gorini-Kosakovsky-Sudarshan-Lindblad system: \[ \begin{array}{c} \frac{d}{dt}{{\rho}_{t}} = - i\left[\mathcal{H}({{\rho}_{t}}), {{\rho}_{t}}\right] + \kappa \left (2a {{\rho}_ {t}}{{a}^{\dagger}} - {{a}^{\dagger}} a {{\rho}_{t}} - {{\rho}_{t}} {{a}^{\dagger}} a \right) + \\ + \frac {\kappa _{-}}{2} \left (2{{\sigma}^{-}}{{\rho }_{t}} {{\sigma}^{+}} - {{\sigma}^{+}}{{\sigma}^{-}}{{\rho}_{t}} - {{\rho}_{t}} {{\sigma}^{+}}{{\sigma}^{-}}\right)+\\ \frac{{{\kappa}_ {+}}}{2 } \left(2 {{\sigma}^{+}}{{\rho}_{t}}{{\sigma}^{-}} - {{\sigma}^{-}}{{\sigma}^{+}}{{\rho}_{t}} - {{\rho}_{t}}{{\sigma}^{-}}{{\sigma}^{+}}\right), \\ \end{array} \] with the mean-field Hamiltonian \( \mathcal{H} ({{\rho}_t}) \). The authors point out qualitative changes in the dynamics when the resonator cooperative parameter \[ C_ {b} = \frac {2g ^ 2 (\kappa_+ - \kappa_-)} {\kappa (\kappa_ {+} + {\kappa} _ {-})^{2}} \] goes through the value 1. If \( C_{b} <1 \), any regular solution is global asymptotically stable equilibrium. Locally an exponentially stable limit cycle arises in a regular stationary state when \( C_{b} \) passes through the critical value \(1\). A rigorous mathematical proof of the supercritical Poincaré-Andronov-Hopf bifurcations for \(C_{b} = 1\) is given. The authors develop a new method, based on probability theory and theory of semigroups, to prove the exponential convergence of a quantum state as \(t\to +\infty\). Finally, the long-term behavior of the statistics of the number of photons, the quantum variance of quadratures and the von Neumann entropy are investigated.

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