On injective tensor powers of \(\ell_1\) (Q2226349)

This article continues the recent work from [\textit{R. M. Causey} et al., Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 148, No. 12, 5261--5267 (2020; Zbl 1466.46068)]. The main result there was that the projective tensor product \(c_0\widehat{\otimes}_{\pi} c_0\widehat{\otimes}_{\pi} c_0\) is not isomorphic to a subspace of \(c_0\hat{\otimes}_{\pi} c_0\), which in particular meant a negative answer to a long-standing problem of Joe Diestel: Are \(c_0\hat{\otimes}_{\pi} c_0\) and \(c_0\widehat{\otimes}_{\pi} c_0\widehat{\otimes}_{\pi} c_0\) isomorphic? In the present article, the authors show the dual result for the injective tensor product and \(\ell_1\). More precisely, it is proved that the injective \(3\)-fold tensor product \(\ell_1\widehat{\otimes}_{\varepsilon} \ell_1\widehat{\otimes}_{\varepsilon} \ell_1\) is not isomorphic to any subspace of \(\ell_1\widehat{\otimes}_{\varepsilon} \ell_1\). The argument used is original and non-trivial. Given a Banach space \(X\) and \(n \in \mathbb{N}\), the authors introduce the invariant \(\delta_n(X) \ge 0\) on bounded and \(C\)-separated \(n\)-arrays in \(X\), and prove that the sequence \(\big(\delta_n(\ell_1\widehat{\otimes}_{\varepsilon} \ell_1)\big)_n\) is bounded although \(\big(\delta_n(\ell_1\widehat{\otimes}_{\varepsilon} \ell_1\widehat{\otimes}_{\varepsilon} \ell_1)\big)_n\) is not. As a consequence, it is concluded that, given an infinite compact metric space \(K\), the \(3\)-fold projective tensor product \(C(K)\widehat{\otimes}_{\pi} C(K)\widehat{\otimes}_{\pi} C(K)\) is never isomorphic to any quotient of \(C(K)\widehat{\otimes}_{\pi} C(K)\). We remark that very recently this study was continued for projective and injective \(m\)-fold tensor products of \(c_0\) and \(\ell_1\) of arbitrary length \(m\) in [\textit{R. M. Causey} and \textit{S. J. Dilworth}, ``Higher projective tensor products of \(c_0\)'', Preprint (2020), \url{arXiv:2012.13437}].