Uniformization of semistable bundles on elliptic curves (Q2227274)

Traditionally, uniformization theorems in geometry arise as an attempt to classify complicated structures by recasting them in terms of group actions on a small number of uniform geometries. For instance, every Riemann surface arises as the quotient by a discrete group of either the complex plane, the unit disc, or the Riemann sphere; or (for an example more closely related to the Langlands program) the moduli of bundles for a semisimple group on an algebraic curve can be realised as a quotient of the affine Grassmannian for the group. Let \(E\) denote an complex elliptic curve. In this paper the authors construct non-abelian versions of the classical abelian analytic uniformizations \(E\simeq \mathbb{C}^\times / q^{\mathbb{Z}}\), \(E\simeq \mathbb{C}/(\mathbb{Z}\oplus\mathbb{Z}\tau)\) and \(\mathbb{C}^\times \simeq \mathbb{C}/\mathbb{Z}\). Specifically, let \(G\) be a semisimple simply-connected group, and denote by \(G_E\) the connected component of the trivial bundle in the stack of semistable \(G\)-bundles on \(E\). Then the authors show that as a complex analytic stack, \(G_E\) can be glued together from certain ``twisted'' adjoint quotients \(\mathfrak{g}_J^{se}/'G_J\), where the \(\mathfrak{g}_J\) are subalgebras of the holomorphic loop Lie algebra \(L_{hol}\mathfrak{g}\) and we take the quotient of an invariant subset of elements with ``small eigenvalues''. Similarly they show that as a complex analytic stack the adjoint quotient \(G/G\) can be glued together from twisted adjoint quotients \(G_J^{se}/'G_J\). Using these descriptions, the authors prove that the \(\infty\)-categories of sheaves with nilpotent singular support \(\text{Sh}_{\mathcal{N}}(G/G)\) (i.e.\ character sheaves) and \(\text{Sh}_{\mathcal{N}}(G_E)\) can be obtained as limits of the corresponding categories of sheaves with nilpotent support on \(\mathfrak{g}_J/G_J\) and \(G_J/G_J\), respectively. In order to aid and orient the reader, the cases \(G=\mathrm{SL}_2\) and \(G=\mathrm{SL}_3\) are explicitly presented and clearly explained. The results of this paper are strongly related to two areas of geometric representation theory. Firstly, they are related to Springer theory: there is a Fourier transform that decomposes any character sheaf into a system of compatible nilpotent orbital sheaves, i.e.\ we have that \(\text{Sh}_{\mathcal{N}}(G/G)\) is the limit of categories \(\text{Sh}(\mathcal{N}_{\mathfrak{g}_J} / G_J)\). The categories \(\text{Sh}(\mathcal{N}_{\mathfrak{g}_J} / G_J)\) are described by the generalized Springer correspondence, and allow the authors to construct a group \(\widehat{G}\) that realises a spectral description of character sheaves, in the sense that \(\text{Sh}_{\mathcal{N}}(G/G) \simeq \text{QCoh}(\widehat{G})\). Secondly, they are related to the Betti Geometric Langlands program of Ben-Zvi and Nadler. The Betti Geometric Langlands conjecture proposes an equivalence of dg-categories \(\text{Sh}_{\mathcal{N}}(\text{Bun}_G(\Sigma)) \simeq \text{IndCoh}_{\check{\mathcal{N}}}(\text{LocSys}_{\check{G}}(\Sigma))\) for \(\Sigma\) a Riemann surface. The authors provide a recipe (some parts known, some parts conjectural) to construct an embedding of \(\text{Sh}_{\mathcal{N}}(G_E)\) into \(\text{IndCoh}_{\check{\mathcal{N}}}(\text{LocSys}_{\check{G}}(E))\), and thus prove a ``semistable part'' of the Betti Geometric Langlands conjecture for \(\Sigma = E\) an genus 1 curve. Moreover, the authors demonstrate the topological nature of the category \(\text{Sh}_{\mathcal{N}}(G_E)\) -- necessary if it is to play a role in the Betti Langlands conjecture -- by showing that as \(E\) varies one obtains a local system of \(\infty\)-categories over the moduli space of elliptic curves. In order to prove the main results of this paper, the authors have the following key insights: (1) that they can construct analytic charts out of subspaces of small eigenvalues, invariant under a \textit{twisted} conjugation action; (2) that from a sheaf theoretic point of view, the small eigenvalue condition can be discarded, and (3) that the conjugation action can then be untwisted. Finally, as is often the case with results that push the boundaries of the geometric Langlands program, the proofs in this paper involve a great deal of \(\infty\)-category theory, derived geometry, and Lie theoretic combinatorics. The authors treat these topics well, and provide clear exposition on a number of potentially forbidding topics (e.g.\ singular support conditions, the relation between the geometry of hyperplane arrangements and loop groups).