Leighton and Wong type oscillation theorems for impulsive differential equations (Q2235063)

The authors extend the famous Leighton and Wong oscillation theorems. More precisely, they consider impulsive equations in the forms \[ \left(p(t) x^\prime \right)^\prime + q(t) x = 0, \quad t \ne \theta_i; \qquad \Delta x + a_i x = 0,\, \Delta p(t) x^\prime + b_i x + c_i x^\prime = 0, \quad t = \theta_i, \tag{1} \] and \[ \left(p(t) x^\prime \right)^\prime + q(t) x = f(t), \quad t \ne \theta_i; \qquad \Delta x + a_i x = f_i, \, \Delta p(t) x^\prime + b_i x + c_i x^\prime = g_i, \quad t = \theta_i, \tag{2} \] where \(\{a_i\}_{i \ge 1}, \{b_i\}_{i \ge 1}, \{c_i\}_{i \ge 1} \subset \mathbb{R} \), \(p > 0\), \(q, f\) are piece-wise left continuous functions on the interval \([0, \infty)\), and the sequence \(\{\theta_i\}_{i \ge 1} \subset (0, \infty)\) is increasing and unbounded, and they prove the following two theorems. Theorem A. Let \[ \left(1-a_i \right) \left(1- \frac{c_i}{p (\theta_i)} \right) > 0, \quad i \ge 1. \] For \[ N_i (t) := \inf \{i: \theta_i \ge t\}, \qquad N_s (t) := \sup \{i: \theta_i < t\}, \] let \[ \alpha (t, s) := \prod_{i = N_i (s)}^{N_s (t)} \left(1-a_i \right) \left(1- \frac{c_i}{p (\theta_i)} \right), \quad t \ge s, \] \[ \beta (t, s) := \prod_{i = N_i (s)}^{N_s (t)} \frac{1-a_i}{1- \frac{c_i}{p (\theta_i)}}, \quad t \ge s. \] If \[ \int_a^\infty \frac{\alpha (s, a)}{p(s)} \, \mathrm{d}s = \limsup_{T \to \infty} \left( \int_{a}^{T} q(s) \beta (s,a)\, \mathrm{d}s + \sum_{i = N_i(a)}^T \frac{b_i}{1 - \frac{c_i}{p (\theta_i)}} \beta (\theta_i, a) \right) = \infty \] for all \(a \ge 0\), then Eq. (1) is oscillatory. Theorem B. Let Eq. (1) be non-oscillatory and \(v\) its non-principal solution. Let \[ H (t):= \int_a^t \frac{1}{p(s)v^2 (s)} \left(\int_a^s \alpha (s, \tau) f(\tau) v (\tau)\, \mathrm{d}\tau + \sum_{i = N_i(a)}^{N_s(s)} \alpha (s, \theta_i) M_i \right) \mathrm{d}s + \sum_{i = N_i(a)}^{N_s(t)} \frac{f_i}{\left(1 - a_i \right) v (\theta_i)} , \] where \[ M_i := \frac{1}{\left(1 - a_i \right)\left(1 - \frac{c_i}{p (\theta_i)}\right)} \left(g_i \left(1 - a_i \right) v(\theta_i) - f_i \left[(p (\theta_i) - c_i) v^\prime (\theta_i) - b_i v (\theta_i)\right] \right). \] If \[ \limsup_{t \to \infty} H(t) = - \liminf_{t \to \infty} H(t) = \infty, \] then Eq. (2) is oscillatory. These theorems are illustrated by examples.