Hyperelliptic parametrizations of \(\pmb{\mathbb{Q}}\)-curves (Q2240489)

A \(\mathbb Q\)-curve is an elliptic curve defined over an algebraic number field which is isogenous to all Galois conjugates. Every \(\mathbb Q\)-curve has CM or is parametrized by a rational point of the quotient \(X_0(N)^*\) of the modular curve \(X_0(N)\) by the group of the Atkin-Lehner involutions of \(X_0(N)\) for some square-free integer \(N\). In this article, the authors study \(\mathbb Q\)-curves and their \(j\)-invariants parametrized by the rational points of \(X_0(N)^*\), when the genus \(g_N^*\) of \(X_0(N)^*\) is equal to \(2\). There are exactly 36 values of square-free \(N\) for which \(g_N^*=2\). For these \(N\), they find rational points of \(X_0(N)^*\) by the computation using MAGMA and, by a Chabauty procedure on a finite set of unramified \(2\)-coverings of the curve, they determine all rational points of \(19\) curves among these \(36\) curves. They determine which of the parametrized \(\mathbb Q\)-curves have CM and, for all of them they give the discriminant \(D\) of the order providing CM. Further. for each \(\mathbb Q\)-curve, they give its \(j\)-invariant or the field \(\mathbb Q(j)\) explicitly. As an example, for \(N=67\), they explain how to obtain their results in detail. Their results show that almost all of these \(\mathbb Q\)-curves have CM, which fortify the conjecture that for a large enough \(N\), \(X_0(N)^*\) does not have rational points parametrizing \(\mathbb Q\)-curves without CM.