Differential equations in Banach algebras (Q2243725)

In a complex Banach algebra \(\mathbb{B}\) the ordinary linear differential equation \[ \mathbf{x}^{(n)} + \mathbf{p}_1\mathbf{x}^{(n-1)} + \dots + \mathbf{p}_{n-1}\dot{\mathbf{x}} + \mathbf{p}_ n \mathbf{x} = 0 \tag{1} \] with constant coefficients is considered. Let \(\mathbf{l}_n\) be the formal polynomial \[ \mathbf{l}_n(X)=X^{n} + \mathbf{p}_1\mathbf{X}^{n-1} + \dots + \mathbf{p}_{n-1}X + \mathbf{p}_ n \tag{2}. \] Then \( \mathbf{l}_n : \mathbb{C}\to\mathbb{B}\) is called the scalar characteristic polynomial. The resolvent set \( R \) of this realization of \(\mathbf{l}_n \) is the set of \( \lambda \in \mathbb{C}\) for which \( \mathbf{l}_n(\lambda ) \) is invertible, and its spectrum \( S \) is \( \mathbb{C}\setminus R \). A function \( \mathbf{x}(t)=\exp(t\mathbf{a}) \), \( a\in \mathbb{B} \), is a solution of (1) if and only if \( \mathbf{l}_n(a) =0\), and the spectrum of any such \( \mathbf{a} \) is denoted by \( S(\mathbf{a}) \). It is stated that \( S(\mathbf{a})\subseteq S \). The Cauchy function of (1) is the solution \( \mathbf{k}:\mathbb{R\to B} \) of (1) satisfying the initial conditions \( \mathbf{k} ^{(j)}(0)=\delta _{j,n-1}\) for \( j=0,\dots,n-1 \). It is stated that when \( \mathbf{a}_1,\dots,\mathbf{a}_n \) are mutually distinct and commuting roots of \( \mathbf{l}_n(\mathbf{a})=0 \), then \[ \mathbf{k} (t) =\sum_{j = 1}^n e^{ t\mathbf{a} _j }\prod _{1\le k\le n,k\ne j}^n (\mathbf{a}_ j - \mathbf{a} _k )^{-1}. \] Under additional assumptions, which include that \( \mathbf{a}_1,\dots,\mathbf{a}_n \) are spectrally separated, it follows that the spectrum \(S\) is the union of the spectra of the \( \mathbf{a}_j \), and the representation \[ \frac1{2\pi i}\int_{\partial \sigma } f (\lambda ) \mathbf{l}_ n(\lambda )^{-1}d \lambda =\sum _{j = 1}^n f (\mathbf{a}_ j)\mathbf{c}_{jn} \] holds for any function \( f \) which is (piecewise) analytic in an open neighbourhood \( G \) of \( S \) and where \( \partial \sigma \) is a contour in \( R\cap G \) which encircles \( S \), and the \( \mathbf{c}_{ij} \) are the entries of the inversere of the Vandermonde matrix of \( \mathbf{a}_1,\dots,\mathbf{a}_n \).