Fixed subgroups of automorphisms of hyperbolic 3-manifold groups (Q2250133)

For a group \(G\) and an automorphism \(\phi:G \to G\) one defines the subgroup \(\mathrm{Fix}(\phi) = \{ \omega \in G \mid \phi(\omega)\} = \omega\}\) of \(G\). The authors show Theorem. For each automorphism \(\phi\) of a hyperbolic \(3\)-manifold group, \(G=\pi_1(M)\), \[ \mathrm{rk} (\mathrm{Fix}(\phi))<2 \mathrm{rk} (G), \] and the upper bound is sharp when \(G\) runs over all hyperbolic \(3\)-manifold groups. Here sharp means that there exists a sequence of automorphisms \(\phi_n: \pi_1(M_n) \to \pi_1(M_n)\) of closed hyperbolic \(3\)-manifolds \(M_n\) such that \(\mathrm{Fix}(\phi_n)\) is the group of a closed surface, and \[ \frac{\mathrm{rk} \mathrm{Fix}(\phi_n)}{\mathrm{rk}(\pi_1(M_n)))}> 2-\epsilon \quad \text{as} \quad n \to \infty \] for any \(\epsilon> 0\).