Ramification of local rings along valuations (Q2259169)

Let \(k\) be a field of characteristic zero, \(K\) be an algebraic function field over \(k\) and \(R\) be an algebraic local ring of \(K\), i.e. \(R\) is a local ring with fraction field \(K\) and there exists a finite family \(Z\subset R\) such that every \(f\in R\) can be writen as \(f= P(Z)/Q(Z)\), where \(P(Z)\) and \(Q(Z)\) are polynomials of \(k[Z]\), and \(Q(Z)\) is a unit in \(R\). Let \(\nu\) be a valuation of \(K\) which is trivial over \(k\), denote by \(V_\nu\) its valuation ring and by \(m_\nu\) its maximal ideal. We assume that \(\nu\) dominates \(R\), i.e. \(R\subset V_\nu\) and \(m_\nu\cap R= m_R\) (the maximal ideal of \(R\)). For every \(\gamma\in\Gamma_\nu:= \nu(K\setminus\{0\}\) let P,(R) (resp. \({\mathcal P}^+_\gamma\)) be the ideal \(\{f\in R\mid\nu(f)\geq\gamma\}\) (resp. \(\{f\in R\mid\nu(f)>\gamma\})\) and let \(\text{gr}(R)\) be the graded algebra \(\bigoplus_{\gamma\in\Gamma_\nu}{\mathcal P}(R)/{\mathcal P}^+_\gamma\). For every \(f\in R\) the initial form \(\text{in}_\nu(f)\) of \(f\) in \(\text{gr}_\nu(R)\) is the element \(f+{\mathcal P}^+_\gamma\) of \({\mathcal P}_\gamma/{\mathcal P}^+_\gamma\), where \(\gamma=\nu(f)\). A sequence \(\{P_i\}_{i\geq 0}\) of \(R\) is called a generated sequence of \(\nu\) if \(\{\text{inv}_\nu(P_i)\}_{i\geq 0}\) generate \(\text{gr}_\nu(R)\) as a \((R/m_R)\)-algebra. Let \(K^*\) be an algebraic function field over \(k\) such that \(K^*\) is finite separable over \(K\), \(\nu^*\) be a valuation of \(K^*\) which extend \(\nu\), and \(S\) be an algebraic local ring of \(K^*\) such that \(\nu^*\) dominates \(S\) and \(S\) dominates \(R\). The extension \(R\to S\) is assumed to be stable, that is it satisfies some conditions, among them \(R\) and \(S\) are \(n\)-dimensional regular local rings (where \(n= \text{tr\,deg}_kK^*- \text{tr\, deg}_k(V_{\nu^*}/m_{\nu^*}))\), there exist regular parameters \(x_1,\dots, x_n\) in \(R\), \(y_1,\dots, y_n\) in \(S\) and an \(n\times n\) matrix \(A= (a_{ij})\) of natural numbers with \(\text{det}(A)\neq 0\) and units \(\delta_i\) in \(S\) such that, for \(i\in\{1,\dots, n\}\), \(x_i= \delta_i \prod^n_{j=1} y^{a_{jj}}_j\). This implies that \(|\text{det}(A)|= e:= [\Gamma_{\nu^*}: \Gamma_\nu]\) (the ramification index) and \([S/m_S: R/m_R]= f:= [V_{\nu^*}/m_{\nu^*}: V_\nu/m_\nu]\). First the authors prove that if \(\dim_{\mathbb{Q}}(\Gamma_\nu\otimes_{\mathbb{Z}}\mathbb{Q})+ \text{tr\,deg}_k(V_\nu/m_\nu)= \text{tr\,deg}_kK\) then \((\text{gr}_\nu\otimes _{R/m_R} S/m_S)[\text{in}_{\nu^*}(y_1),\dots, \text{in}_{\nu^*}(y_n)]\) and the degree of the extension of quotient fields of \(\text{gr}_\nu(R)\to\text{gr}_{\nu^*}(S)\) is \(ef\). Next, they assume that \(\text{tr\,deg}_k(V_{\nu^*}/m_{\nu^*})= 0\), \(\text{tr\,deg}_k K^*= 2\) and \(\nu^*(K^*\setminus\{0\})\) embeds in the ordered group \(\mathbb{Q}\), so they can assume that \(x_1= \delta_1 y^e_1\) and \(x_2= y_2\). They prove that if \(x_1,x_2,P_2,P_3,\dots\) is a generating sequence in \(R\), then \(y_1,y_2,P_2,P_3,\dots\) is a generating sequence in \(S\), and that \(\text{gr}_{\nu^*}(S)\) is isomorphic to \((\text{gr}_\nu(R)\otimes_{R/m_R} S/m_S)[X]/(X^e- \text{in}^{-1}_{\nu^*}(\gamma_1) \text{in}_{\nu^*}(y_1))\). It follows that the semigroup \(\nu^*(S\setminus\{0\})\) is a finitely generated \(\nu(R\setminus\{0\})\)-module. They also discuss the failure of these results in positive characteristic.