An exotic zoo of diffeomorphism groups on \(\mathbb {R}^n\) (Q2261675)

Let \(M=(M_k)=(M_k)_{k=0,1,\ldots}\) denote a sequence of positive numbers. We shall always assume that \(M_0 = 1 \leq M_1\). We say that \(M=(M_k)\) is log-convex if \(k\mapsto\log M_k\) is convex, or equivalently, if \( M_k^2 \leq M_{k-1} M_{k+1}, \;k \in \mathbb{N}\). In this article, the authors introduce a multitude of groups of \(C^{[M]}\)-diffeomorphisms on \(\mathbb{R}^n\) and prove that all of them are \(C^{[M]}\)-regular Lie groups. Recall that a \(C^\infty\)-mapping \(f\) is \(C^{[M]}\) if for each compact set \(K\) there exists \(\rho>0\) such that the set \[ \Big\{\frac{f^{(k)}(x)}{\rho^k\,k!\, M_k} : x \in K, k \in \mathbb{N}\Big\} \] is bounded, where \(M=(M_k)\) is a positive log-convex sequence and has moderate growth. In this way we get the so-called Denjoy-Carleman classes of Roumieu type \(C^{[M]}\). The authors prove that the groups \[ \mathrm{Diff}\, \mathcal{B}^{[M]}(\mathbb{R}^n), \mathrm{Diff}\, W^{[M],p}(\mathbb{R}^n), \mathrm{Diff}\, \mathcal{S}^{[M]}_{[L]}(\mathbb{R}^n),\, \text{and}\, \mathrm{Diff}\, \mathcal{D}^{[M]}(\mathbb{R}^n) \] of \(C^{[M]}\)-diffeomorphisms on \(\mathbb{R}^n\) which differ from the identity by a mapping in \(\mathcal{B}^{[M]}\) (global Denjoy-Carleman), \(W^{[M],p}\) (Sobolev-Denjoy-Carleman), \(\mathcal{S}^{[M]}_{[L]}\) (Gelfand-Shilov),or \(\mathcal{D}^{[M]}\) (Denjoy-Carleman with compact support) are \(C^{[M]}\)-regular Lie groups. (Recall that the notion of a regular Lie group is originally due to Omori for Frechet Lie groups, was weakened and made more transparent by \textit{J. Milnor} [in: Relativité, groupes et topologie II, Les Houches Éc. d'Eté Phys. Théor., Sess. 40, 1983, 1007--1057 (1984; Zbl 0594.22009)]. See also \url{arXiv:1211.5704v2} [math.FA]. From the abstract: As an application we use the \(R\)-transform to show that the Hunter-Saxton PDE on the real line is well-posed in any of the classes \(W^{[M],1}\), \(\mathcal{S}^{[M]}_{[L]}\), and \(\mathcal{D}^{[M]}\). Here we find some surprising groups with continuous left translations and \(C^{[M]}\) right translations (called half-Lie groups), which, however, also admit \(R\)-transforms.