Euler integral symmetries for the confluent Heun equation and symmetries of the Painlevé equation PV (Q2262751)

The Heun equation is the following scalar second order differential equation with four regular singularities \(0,1,t,\infty\): \[ w''+\left(\frac{1-\theta_1}{z}+\frac{1-\theta_2}{z-1}+\frac{1-\theta_3}{z-t}\right)w'+\left(\frac{\alpha\beta}{z(z-1)}+\frac{t(t-1)H}{z(z-1)(z-t)}\right)w=0. \] If one put \(\theta_3=at\) and takes the limit \(t\rightarrow \infty\) one obtains a confluent Heun equation of type \(C\) with regular singularity \(0,1\) and an irregular singularity \(\infty\), which can be written as follows \[ w''+\left(\alpha+\frac{\beta}{z}+\frac{\gamma}{z-1}\right)w'+\left(\frac{\alpha\sigma}{z-1}+\frac{aL}{z(z-1)}\right)w=0. \] One can add to this equation terms \(\frac{1}{z-\lambda}w'+\frac{\lambda(\lambda-1)\mu}{z(z-1)(z-\lambda)}w\) in such a way that the point \(z=\lambda\) is an apparent singularity of the obtained equation (this can be done for some special values of \(H\)). The resulting equation is called the deformed confluent Heun equation of type \(C\). This equation is equivalent to a \(2\times 2\) first order linear system of type \[ (z^2A+zB+C)\frac{dW}{dz}=(kzA+E)W. \] The systems of these type possess a Euler symmetry: if one writes \(W(z)=\int (z-t)^kV(t)dt\), then \(V(t)\) satisfies the \(2\times 2\) system of the same type with other parameters. In the present paper the relations between the monodormy groups of symmetric Heun equations are derived.