Nice operators and surjective isometries (Q2264011)

This paper deals with the existence and characterization of ``nice operators'' on spaces of scalar-valued continuously differentiable functions defined on compact intervals and endowed with two standard norms: the max norm and an \(\ell_1\)-like norm. A bounded operator \(T\) between two Banach spaces \(X\) and \(Y\) is nice if and only if the adjoint operator maps the extreme points of the unit ball of the dual space of \(Y\) into the extreme points of the unit ball of the dual space of \(X\), i.e., \(T^\ast (E_{Y^\ast}) \subset E_{X^\ast}\). The first section introduces the problem and gives a historical motivation. Section 2 is dedicated to set basic notations and the proof of three preliminary results. In Section 3, the authors consider \(C^1(K)\) (\(K\) is a compact interval in \(\mathbb{R}\)) endowed with the norm \(\|f\|_{\infty}=\max \{ |f(x)|, |f'(x)|\}\) and they give a complete characterization (Theorem 4) for nice operators for both the real and complex cases. Theorem. (cf. Theorem 4) Let \(K_1\) and \(K_2\) be compact intervals of \(\mathbb{R}\), \(X=C^1(K_1)\) and \(Y=C^1(K_2)\), over the field \(\mathbb{K}\) (\(\mathbb{R}\) or \(\mathbb{C}\)) and with the max norm. {\parindent=6mm \begin{itemize}\item[(i)] If \(\mathbb{K}=\mathbb{R}\), the existence of nice operators is equivalent to \(l(K_1) \geq l(K_2)\) (\(l(K_i)\) is the length of \(K_i\)). In this case, \(T:X\rightarrow Y\) is nice if and only if there exist a modulus one complex number \(\alpha\) and an isometry \(\varphi:K_2 \rightarrow K_1\) such that \[ (Tx)(t)=\alpha x (\varphi (t)), \,\,\, \forall \, t \in K_2 \,\,\text{and} \,\, x \in X.\tag{1} \] \item[(ii)] If \(\mathbb{K}=\mathbb{C}\) and \(l(K_1) < l(K_2)\), then \(T:X\rightarrow Y\) is nice if and only if there exist \(\alpha : K_2 \rightarrow \mathbb{T}\) continuously differentiable, with derivative also a function of modulus 1, and \(s_0 \in K_1\) such that \(T\) is of the one of the following forms: \[ (Tx)(t)=\alpha(t) x (s_0), \,\,\, \forall \, t \in K_2 \,\,\text{and} \,\, x \in X.\tag{2} \] or \[ (Tx)(t)=\alpha(t) x' (s_0), \,\,\, \forall \, t \in K_2 \,\,\text{and} \,\, x \in X.\tag{3} \] \end{itemize}} If \(\mathbb{K}=\mathbb{C}\) and \(l(K_1) \geq l(K_2)\), then \(T\) is nice if and only if it is of one of the forms (1), (2) or (3). Most of this section is dedicated to the proof of this theorem and it concludes with a corollary relating nice operators with isometric isomorphisms. The last section of the paper deals with the same problem, but the spaces are endowed with the norm \(|||f|||=\max \{|f(t)|+|f'(t)|\}\). Theorem. (cf. Theorem 7) Let \(T:X \rightarrow Y\) be a bounded operator. {\parindent=6mm \begin{itemize}\item[(i)] If \(l(K_1) < l(K_2)\), then \(T\) is nice if and only if there exist modulus one complex numbers \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) and \(t_0 \in K_1\) such that \[ (Tx)(t)=\alpha x (t_0)+\beta x' (t_0) , \,\,\, \forall \, t \in K_2 \,\,\text{and} \,\, x \in X.\tag{4} \] \item[(ii)] If \(l(K_1) \geq l(K_2)\), then \(T\) is nice if and only if one of the following two statements holds: {\parindent=12mm \begin{itemize}\item[(a)] \(T\) is of the form displayed in (4), or \item[(b)] there exist a modulus one complex number \(\alpha\) and an isometry \(\varphi:K_2 \rightarrow K_1\) such that \[ (Tx)(t)=\alpha x (\varphi(t)), \,\,\, \forall \, t \in K_2 \,\,\text{and} \,\, x \in X. \] \end{itemize}} \end{itemize}}