Admissible topological Markov chains with identifications (Q2266252)

By a dynamical system \((X,f)\) is understood a homeomorphism \(f: X\to X\) taking a compact metric space \(X\) onto itself. \((X,f)\) is said to be separating if there exists a constant \(\gamma\) such that for every \(x,y\in X\), \(x\neq y\) there exists \(n\in\mathbb Z\) with \(d(f^ n(x), f^ n(y))>\gamma\) where \(d\) is the metric on \(X\). The system \((X,f)\) is said to belong to the class \(\mathcal D\) if it is separating and if for every \(\vartheta >0\) there exists \(\varepsilon >0\) such that whenever a sequence \(\{x_ i\}_ i^{\infty =-\infty}\) satisfies \(d(f(x_ i),x_{i+1})<\varepsilon\) for every \(i\in\mathbb Z\) then there exists \(x\in X\) for which \(d(f^ i(x), x_ i)<\vartheta\) for every \(i\in\mathbb Z\). Let \(\Sigma =\{u_ 1,u_ 2,...,u_ s\}\) be a finite set and \(A\) a binary relation on \(\Sigma\). A finite or infinite sequence \(\{v_ i\}^ n_{i=m}\) \((-\infty \leq m\leq n\leq +\infty)\) is said to be an \(A\)-sequence if \(v_ iAv_{i+1}\) for all \(i\) with \(m\leq i<n\). Let \(\Sigma_ A\) denote the set of all infinite \(A\)-sequences, i.e. sequences of the form \(\{v_ i\}^{\infty}_{i=-\infty}\). If \(R\) is another binary relation on \(\Sigma\) which is reflexive and symmetric it induces a certain nearness-relation \(\sim R\) on the set of all sequences. It will be assumed that \(\sim R\) is an equivalence relation on \(\Sigma_ A\). Given the set \(\Sigma\) and the binary relations \(A\) and \(R\) as described above, the author defines the dynamical system \((\Sigma_ A/_{\sim R},\sigma)\) as follows: \(\Sigma_ A/_{\sim R}\) is the set of equivalence classes modulo \(_{\sim R}\) topologized by choosing the sets \(F_ w\) to form a subbasis for closed sets where \(w\) is any finite \(A\)-sequence of the form \(\{w_ i\}^ n_{i=-n}\) and \(F_ w\) is the subset of \(\Sigma_ A/_{\sim R}\) consisting of all the equivalence classes which contain all possible extensions of \(w\) to \(v\in \Sigma_ A\). Finally \(\sigma\) is defined as the homeomorphism on this space induced by the shift operation \(\{v_ i\}^{\infty}_{i=-\infty}\to \{v'_ i\}^{\infty}_{i=- \infty}\) where \(v'_ i=v_{i+1}\). It is shown that \(\Sigma_ A/_{\sim R}\) in this topology is a compact metric space and the system \((\Sigma_ A/_{\sim R},\sigma)\) is called a topological Markov chain with identifications. Given a system \((X,f)\) belonging to the class \(\mathcal D\) and numbers \(\varepsilon >0\) and \(\vartheta >0\) one may define \(\Sigma\) to be a finite covering \(\{U_ 1,...,U_ s\}\) of \(X\) by open balls of diameter \(\varepsilon\) and one may define the relations \(A\) and \(R\) on \(\Sigma\) by setting \[ U_ iAU_ j\Leftrightarrow f(U_ i)\cap U_ j\neq \theta \quad\text{and}\quad U_ iRU_ j, \] whenever the closed \(\vartheta\)- neighborhood of \(U_ i\) meets that of \(U_ j\). The main result is that by a suitable choice of \(\varepsilon\) and \(\vartheta\) the resulting system \((\Sigma_ A/_{\sim R},\sigma)\) is isomorphic to \((X,f)\).