On non-vanishing of cohomologies of generalized Raynaud polarized surfaces (Q2267424)

Contrary to the case of characteristic \(p=0\), in positive characteristic, the Kodaira vanishing theorem does not hold. Counterexamples for surfaces by \textit{M. Raynaud} [C.P. Ramanujam. -- A tribute. Collect. Publ. of C.P. Ramanujam and Pap. in his Mem., Tata Inst. fundam. Res., Stud. Math. 8, 273--278 (1978; Zbl 0441.14006)], generalized by \textit{S. Mukai} [Symposium on Algebraic Geometry, Kinosaki, 9--23 (1979)] led to polarized smooth projective varieties \((X,Z)\) of any higher dimension with \(H^1(X,Z^{-1}) \neq 0\). A smooth projective surface \(X\) can give rise to a counterexample at most if it is of general type or if \(p=2, 3\) and \(X\) is hyper-elliptic. Further work on Kodaira nonvanishing has been done by \textit{Y. Takeda} [Nagoya Math. J. 122, 161--179 (1991; Zbl 0714.14014); Tôhoku Math. J., II. Ser. 44, No.~3, 359--364 (1992; Zbl 0841.14035); Colloq. Math. 108, No.~2, 193--216 (2007; Zbl 1108.14014)], \textit{P. Russell} [in: Algebraic geometry, Proc. int. Conf., Bucharest/Rom. 1982, Lect. Notes Math. 1056, 366--380 (1984; Zbl 0577.14026)], \textit{D. Mumford} [in: C.P. Ramanujam. -- A tribute. Collect. Publ. of C.P. Ramanujam and Pap. in his Mem., Tata Inst. fundam. Res., Stud. Math. 8, 247--262 (1978; Zbl 0444.14002)], \textit{L. Szpiro} [Proc. int. Symp. on algebraic geometry, Kyoto 1977, 93--102 (1977; Zbl 0418.14011)], \textit{N. Lauritzen} and \textit{A. P. Rao} [Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Math. Sci. 107, No.~1, 21--25 (1997; Zbl 0907.14005)]. A classical counterexample was given by \textit{D. Mumford} in [Am. J. Math 89, 94--104 (1967; Zbl 0146.42403)] for a normal polarized surface \(X\), but it is unknown whether desingularizations of \(X\) satisfy Kodaira's vanishing theorem. The paper under review aims to give a natural extension of Raynaud's counterexample supplying additional details of his construction. For \(p>0\), a family of surfaces \(X\) with Mumford-Szpiro type polarizations \(Z\) is studied with \(H^1(X,Z^{-n}) \neq 0\) for all \(n\geq 1\) below a certain bound; \(X\) is at least normal, even smooth under an additional restriction. Furthermore, much larger families of counterexamples to Kodaira vanishing are given, which are not contained in the Mumford-Spiro type polarizations mentioned before. Editorial remark: See [\textit{X. Zheng}, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 221, No. 10, 2431--2444 (2017; Zbl 1396.14021)] for the correction of an error in this paper.