Lefschetz elements of Artinian Gorenstein algebras and hessians of homogeneous polynomials (Q2267720)

Let \(k\) be a field of characteristic zero. Let \(A = \bigoplus_{i=0}^D A_i\), \(A_D \neq 0\), be a graded artinian algebra. We say that \(A\) has the \textit{strong Lefschetz property} if there exists a linear form \(L\) such that the multiplication \(\times L^d : A_i \rightarrow A_{i+d}\) has maximal rank for all \(0 \leq i \leq D\) and \(0 \leq d \leq D-i\). Such an \(L\) is called a \textit{strong Lefschetz element}. If we only allow \(d=1\) in this definition, then \(A\) is said to have the \textit{weak Lefschetz property}, and \(L\) is called a \textit{weak Lefschetz element}. An important situation is when \(A\) is Gorenstein. In this case, using the theory of inverse systems, \(A\) can be identified with the quotient of a polynomial ring \(k[X_1,\dots,X_n]\) by the annihilator of an element \(F\) in a different copy of the polynomial ring \(k[x_1,\dots,x_n]\). The second author had shown in an earlier paper that a linear form \(L = a_1X_1 + \cdots + a_n X_n\) is a strong Lefschetz element if and only if \(F(a_1,\dots,a_n) \neq 0\) and a certain Hessian also does not vanish. Using this result, the authors discuss the strong Lefschetz property for certain Gorenstein algebras, and give some interesting new examples of such algebras not having the strong Lefschetz property.