Persistence and stability of a seasonally perturbed three species stochastic model of salmonoid aquaculture (Q2281300)

The authors investigate the complex dynamics of a planktonic three-species system with harvesting under the influence of a seasonally changing and randomly fluctuating ocean environment. The system has a unique positive global solution: it is stable under certain parametric conditions, when populations do not grow and do not disappear if the intensity of environmental exposure is below defined threshold values. In order to catch the effect of random environmental changes, in recent years, the model system has been investigated under the influence of white noise. But the study of a seasonally disturbed plankton system in the presence of environmental noise has not yet been carried out. The mathematical model describes the three-trophic system of the food chain with fishing, consisting of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish, the population density of which is denoted by \(x\), \(y\) and \(z\), respectively. The model design assumes: \begin{itemize} \item[1.] The behavior of the entire community arises as a result of the interaction of species, where \(z\) depends on \(y\) and \(y\) depends on \(x\). \item[2.] In the absence of zooplankton, the density of the phytoplankton population logistically increases with the ability \(k\) and its own growth rate \(r\). \item[3.] There is a functional answer of Holling type IV for the species \((x;y)\), as well as for the species \((y; z)\). \item[4.] There is selective prey of the fish population in the following form \(H(z)=hz=E + z\). Here \(E\) is the effort to harvest, and \(h\) is the catch constant. \item[5.] The parameters \(r\) (intrinsic growth rate \(x\) population), \(d1\) (mortality \(y\) population) and \(d2\) (mortality \(z\) population) are perturbed so as to take into account the effect of periodic seasonal changes. \end{itemize} In the light of the above considerations, a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is constructed. By including the white noise terms in the population growth equations, the desired stochastic model is obtained from the deterministic system. The stochastic model takes into account the fact that the predator's own growth rate and predator mortality vary randomly due to the variability of environmental conditions. If the functions present in the stochastic system satisfy the linear growth condition and the local Lipitz condition, then the system of stochastic differential equations has a unique global solution for any given initial value. This implies a certain increase in finite time. Although there are several concepts of stochastic persistence, the article discusses the concept of stochastic persistence on average. In the experiments, the effect of random harvesting on the \(z\) population in the case of some unexpected cases is studied. It is assumed that the perturbed term is a Gaussian distributed white noise of moderate intensity and zero mean. The present model system can be an aquatic plankton food chain system including a population of phytoplankton (\textit{Coscinodiscus}), zooplankton (\textit{Daphnia}), and fish (salmon). The model showed that, if the noise intensity is small, then the system remains stable in the root mean square sense for a long time. The stability of the system is crucial from a commercial point of view, since unstable aquaculture cannot be economically viable and cannot be maintained for a long time.