Stable spike clusters on a compact two-dimensional Riemannian manifold (Q2286690)

Let $(\mathcal M,g)$ be a compact two-dimensional Riemannian manifold without boundary. The following stationary Gierer-Meinhardt system is considered, in $\mathcal M$: \[ \begin{cases} \epsilon^2\Delta_g A-A+\frac{A^2}{H}=0\\ D\Delta_g H-H+A^2=0 \end{cases} \tag{1} \] where $0<\epsilon\ll 1,0<D<<1$. Let $K(p)$ be the Gaussian curvature function of $\mathcal M$. It is assumed that there is is a local maximum of $K(p)$ at $p^0=0$ i.e., \[ \nabla K(0)=0, \nabla^2(0)=\left( \begin{array}{ccc} K_{11} & 0\\ 0 & K_{22}\\ \end{array} \right), \tag{2} \] where $K_{11},K_{22} <0,$ and $\frac{K_{22}}{K_{11}}\not=1$. Under additional conditions on $D$ and $\epsilon$, it is proved that the system (1) has, at least, two different 2-spike cluster solutions $(A_i,H_i),i=1,2,$ which both concentrate near $p_0$, and satisfy \[ A\sim\frac{D\xi_{\epsilon}}{\epsilon^2}(w(\frac{x}{\epsilon}+q_i) +w(\frac{x}{\epsilon} -q_i)),\quad H(\pm q_i) \sim\frac{D\xi_{\epsilon}}{\epsilon^2} \] where $w$ is the unique solution of the problem \[ \Delta w-w+w^2=0, w>0\text{ in }\mathbb R^2, w(0)=\max_{y\in \mathbb R^2} w(y),\quad w(y)\to 0 \text{ as } |y|\to\infty, \] $\epsilon q_i \to 0$ as $\epsilon\to 0$, and $\xi_{\epsilon}\sim \frac{1}{\log \frac{\sqrt D}{\epsilon}}$ (Theorem 1.1). Moreover, one of these solutions is stable and the other one is unstable (Theorem 1.4).