Shadow biquandles and local biquandles (Q2293009)

Biquandles are a generalization of quandles and they are algebraic systems, equipped with two binary operations coming from the Reidemeister moves of oriented link diagrams with semi-arc labelings. Shadow quandle theory and shadow biquandle theory are related to region labelings for oriented link diagrams in addition to arc or semi-arc labelings. The author shows that the (co)homology groups of shadow biquandles composed of a biquandle \(B\) and a strongly connected \(B\)-set, are isomorphic to those of the corresponding local biquandles. Moreover, cocycle invariants of oriented links and oriented surface-links, using such shadow biquandles, coincide with those using the corresponding local biquandles. As a consequence, the author shows that some local biquandle \(2\)- or \(3\)-cocycles and some \(1\)- or \(2\)-cocycles of Niebrzydowski's (co)homology theory can be induced from Mochizuki's cocycles.