A fountain of positive bubbles on a Coron's problem for a competitive weakly coupled gradient system (Q2296331)

Let \(\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^4\) be a bounded domain, symmetric with respect to one of its points \(\xi_0\in\Omega\), and let \(\Omega_{\varepsilon}=\Omega\setminus \overline{B_{\varepsilon}(\xi_0)}\) be a domain with a hole. This paper deals with the critical elliptic system: \[ \begin{cases} -\Delta u_i=\mu_iu_i^3+\beta u_i\sum_{j\neq i}u_j^2\quad\text{in}\;\,\Omega_{\varepsilon},\quad i=1,\cdots,m,\\ u_i=0\;\text{on}\;\,\partial\Omega_\varepsilon,\quad u_i>0\;\text{in}\;\,\Omega_{\varepsilon}, \end{cases}\tag{1} \] where \(\mu_i>0\) and \(\beta<0\). In [\textit{A. Pistoia} and \textit{N. Soave}, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3) 116, No. 1, 33--67 (2018; Zbl 1390.35068)], the existence of non-synchronized solutions for a more general system was proved when the underlying domain has at least two small holes, and the following natural question remained open: if the domain has only one small hole, is it still possible to find a non-synchronized solution? In this paper, the authors give a positive answer to this question for the special system (1). More precisely, by applying the Ljapunov-Schmidt reduction method, they prove that for \(\varepsilon>0\) small, (1) has a solution (symmetric with respect to \(\xi_0\)) which look like a fountain of bubbles, namely their components are a superposition of bubbles centered at \(\xi_0\) with different rates of concentration.