Endomorphism rings of supersingular elliptic curves over \(\mathbb{F}_p\) (Q2302571)

Let \(p\) and \(\ell\) be two different fixed primes with \(p>3\). The supersingular-isogeny graph \(\mathcal{G}(\bar{\mathbb{F}}_p)\) is a directed graph, whose set of vertices \(V(\bar{\mathbb{F}}_p)\) are \(\bar{\mathbb{F}}_p\)-isomorphism classes of supersingular elliptic curve \([E]\) defined over \(\bar{\mathbb{F}}_p\) and whose edges are equivalent classes of \(\ell\)-isogenies defined over \(\bar{\mathbb{F}}_p\) between two elliptic curves in the isomorphism classes. The vertices are represented by \(\jmath\)-invariants. For every supersingular \(\jmath\)-invariant \(\jmath\in \mathbb{F}_p\) we consider a supersingular elliptic curve \(E_{\jmath}\) over \(\mathbb{F}_p\) with \(\jmath(E_{\jmath}) = \jmath\) and we denote by \(\pi\) the absolute Frobenius automorphism in End\((E_{\jmath})\). For a prime \(q\) with \(q \equiv 3 \bmod 8\) and \((p/q)=-1\), let \(\mathbb{Q} = \langle 1,i,j, k\rangle \) be the quaternion algebra over \(\mathbb{Q}\) defined by \(i^2 = -q\), \(j^2 = -p\) and \(ij = -ji = k\). Let \[\mathcal{O}(q) = \mathbb{Z}\langle 1, \frac{1 + i}{2}, \frac{j + k}{2} , \frac{ri-k}{q}\rangle \ \ \ \text{ where }\ \ \ r^2 + p \equiv 0\bmod q,\] and allowing also \(q = 1\), \[ \mathcal{O}^{\prime}(q) = \mathbb{Z}\langle 1, \frac{1+j}{2}, i, \frac{r^{\prime}i - k}{2q}\rangle \ \ \ \text{ where } \ \ \ p \equiv 3\bmod 4,\ \ r^{\prime 2} + p \equiv 0 \bmod 4q. \] It is known that End\((E_{\jmath})\cong \mathcal{O}(q)\) if \((1+\pi)/2 \not \in\) End\((E_{\jmath})\), and End\((E_{\jmath})\cong \mathcal{O}^{\prime}(q)\) if \((1+\pi)/2 \in\) End\((E_{\jmath})\). We denote by \(q_{\jmath}\) the minimal prime such that End\((E_{\jmath})\cong \mathcal{O}(q)\) or \(\mathcal{O}^{\prime}(q)\). Furthermore, if \(H_D(x)\) is the Hilbert class polynomial of an imaginary quadratic order with discriminant \(D\), then we set \(\delta_D = 1\), if \((D/\ell) = 1\) and \(H_D(x)\) splits into linear factors in \(\mathbb{F}_{\ell}[x]\), and \(\delta_D = -1\), otherwise. Let \(\jmath \in \mathbb{F}_p\{0, 1728\}\) be a supersingular \(\jmath\)-invariant such that \(\ell\) does not divide \(2pq_{\jmath}\). In this paper it is proved the following result: \begin{itemize} \item[1.] In the case \((1+\pi)/2 \not \in\) End\((E_{\jmath})\), if \(p > q_{\jmath} \ell^2\), then there are \(1 +\delta_{-q_{\jmath}} \) loops of \([E_{\jmath}]\) and \(\ell-\delta_{-q_{\jmath}}\) vertices adjacent to \([E_{\jmath}]\) in \(\mathcal{G}(\mathbb{F}_ p)\) and hence each connecting to \([E_{\jmath}]\) by one edge. \item[2.] In the case \(1+2\pi \in\) End\((E_{\jmath})\), if \(p > 4q_{\jmath}\ell^2\), there are \(1+\delta_{-4q_{\jmath}} \) loops of \([E_{\jmath}]\) and \(\ell-\delta_{-4q_{\jmath}}\) vertices adjacent to \([E_{\jmath}]\) in \(\mathcal{G}(\mathbb{F}_p)\) and hence each connecting to \([E_{\jmath}]\) by one edge. \end{itemize} In both cases, there are \(1+(-p/\ell)\) vertices defined over \(\mathbb{F}_p\) adjacent to \([E]\) with one \(\mathbb{F}_p\)-edge. Moreover, assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, the following results are obtained: \begin{itemize} \item[1.] For any constant \(C > 0\), if \(p\) is sufficiently large, then there exists a supersingular invariant \(\jmath\) such that \(q_{\jmath} > C \sqrt{p}\). \item[2.] For a generic supersingular \(\jmath\)-invariant \(j \in \mathbb{F}_p\setminus\{0, 1728\}\), we have \(q_{\jmath} < 10000p \log^4 p\). \item[3.] For any supersingular \(\jmath\)-invariant \(j \in \mathbb{F}_p\setminus \{0, 1728\}\), we have \(q_{\jmath} < 10000p \log^6 p\). \item[4.] Set \[N(x) = \#\{q_{\jmath} \leq x / \jmath \text{ is a supersingular } \jmath-\text{invariant in } \mathbb{F}p\}.\] Then, we have: \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] If \(p \equiv 1 \bmod 4\), then \(N(4\sqrt{p}) \sim \sqrt{p}/\log p\) as \(p \rightarrow \infty\). \item[(b)] If \(p \equiv 3 \bmod 4\), then \(N(\sqrt{p}/2) \sim \sqrt{p}/4 \log p\) as \(p \rightarrow \infty\) and \(\liminf N(4\sqrt{p}) \log p/ \sqrt{p} \geq 9/8\). \end{itemize} \end{itemize}